Monday, September 18, 2023

Native American Placenames with Likely Sanskrit or Other Indian/SE Asian Roots

 

From the Appendix to To Be or Not To Be: brahman or Abrahman / The World Turned Upside-Down . . . Coming Soon to a bookstore near you and Amazon, Barnes and Noble, etc. !!


Native American Placename or other term, followed by the likely Sanskrit or Tamil, etc., equivalent(s), and sometimes followed by similar placenames in India or Southeast Asia [all emphases added]:

 

Pueblo Villages in the American Southwest, the descendants of the “Anasazi” people.

Navajo/Diné    Anasazi   The term is Navajo in origin, and means “ancient enemy.”[1]

Sanskrit           anuzaya          m. close connection as with a consequence, close attachment to any object; (in phil.) the consequence or result of an act (which clings to it and causes the soul after enjoying the temporary freedom from transmigration to enter other bodies); repentance, regret; hatred; ancient or intense enmity[2]

 

Kewa Pueblo, NM  Kivas are half-underground round ceremonial houses with the entrance on the roof that are used by the Pueblo people of the American Southwest.

Sanskrit           ki         m. n. an ant-hill[3]

            va        m. … a dwelling[4]

Thus in Sanskrit “kiva” is “anthill dwelling,” fitting the design of Pueblo kivas.

Hopi word for “ant” is anu, and the Sanskrit word aNu is defined as:

Sanskrit           aNu     mf n. fine, minute, atomic…[5]

Kiwale, Ravet, Dehu Road, Maharashtra, India

 

Maricopa, Arizona; Maricopa County, Arizona; Maricopa, California, named after the Maricopa/Cocomaricopa Tribe

Sanskrit           marIcopapurANa  Name of one of the Upa Puranas[6]  The Puranas are Hindu scriptures.

Marikoppa, Karnataka, India

 

Lake Havasu  Purportedly from the Mojave word “blue” or “blue-green water”

Mojave            Aha[7] or ha “short form of ‘aha,”[8]  “water”

Quechan/Yuma aha  “water”[9]

Sanskrit           ha        m. a form of Siva or Bhairava; water; a cipher (i.e. the arithmetical figure which symbolizes o); meditation, auspiciousness; sky, heaven, paradise ; blood ; dying ; fear ; knowledge ; the moon[10]

hari     mfn. (prob. fr. a lost hṛ-,"to be yellow or green" …  fawn-coloured, reddish brown, brown, tawny, pale yellow, yellow, fallow, bay (especially applied to horses), green, greenish  etc.[11]

Vasu (वसु) refer to good or bright Gods, they are: Apa: containing water [“sometimes aha is substituted for āpa”[12]], Dhruva: polestar, Soma: moon, Dharā: earth, Anila: wind, Anala: fire, Pratyūṣa: dawn, Prabhāsa: light.[13]

vasu     m. or n. dwelling or dweller …[14]

Havaspur, Bihar, India; Havasbhavi, Karnataka, India; Havanur, Karnataka, India; Havaligi, Andhra Pradesh, India

 

Havasupai Falls

Sanskrit           hava    m.  an oblation , burnt offering , sacrifice … fire or the god of fire[15]

Supayas  mfn. having beautiful water[16]

pA       P. ... to watch , keep , preserve ; to protect from , defend against … to protect (a country) i.e. rule , govern Ra1jat. ; to observe , notice , attend to , follow

Consider also the above possible linguistic origins of Lake Havasu, as sometimes Sanskrit word combinations contain multiple compound meanings.

Havaspur, Bihar, India; Havasbhavi, Karnataka, India; Havanur, Karnataka, India; Havaligi, Andhra Pradesh, India; Supai, Bihar, India; Supaidi, Jharkhand, India

 

Supai Village, Arizona

Sanskrit           Supayas  mfn. having beautiful water[17]

Supai, Bihar, India; Supaidi, Jharkhand, India

 

Calistoga, California

Sanskrit           kalistoma        m. a particular Stoma.[18] [hymn]

ga        mf        going , moving (e.g. %{yAna-} … going quickly[19]

-ga is often applied at the end of river names, etc., and implies “flow.”

Kalisthan, Bariyarpur, Bihar, India; Kalisindh River, Madhya Pradesh, India

 

City of Sonoma, California; Sonoma Valley, California; Sonoma Mountains, California; Sonoma County, California

“disputed origin; likely from a Pomoan phrase meaning "valley of the moon.’”[20]

Sanskrit           soma    1 m. (fr. 3. %{su}) juice , extract , (esp.) the juice of the Soma plant … Soma is identified with the moon [as the receptacle of the other beverage of the gods called Amrita , or as the lord of plants … and with the god of the moon , as well as with Vishn2u , S3iva , Yama , and Kubera … and appears among the 8 Vasus …

soma    m. the Soma (plant or juice, often personified as a god); the moon or the god of the moon.

Somnath, Gujarat, India; Sonamarg, Jammu and Kashmir, India

 

Savannah, Georgia (a city on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean); Savanna, Illinois (a town on the east shore of the Mississippi River); Savannah, Missouri (town a few miles from the Missouri River)

Sanskrit           sAvana  mfn. (fr. 1. %{savana} , p. : 190) relating to or determining the three daily Soma libations i.e. corresponding to the solar time (day , month , year) … m. an institutor of a sacrifice or employer of priests at a sacrifice … the conclusion of a sacrifice or the ceremonies by which it is terminated L. ; N. of Varuna

varuNa                       m. …`\" Allenveloping Sky \"\'N. of an Aditya (in the Veda commonly the night as Mitra over the day , but often celebrated separately , whereas Mitra is rarely invoked alone ; Varuna is one of the oldest of the Vedic gods , and is commonly thought to correspond to the [Neptune] of the Greeks , although of a more spiritual conception … he is even called the brother of Agni ; though not generally regarded in the Veda as a god of the ocean , yet he is often connected with the waters , especially the waters of the atmosphere or firmament , and in one place [RV. vii , 64 , 2] is called with Mitra … `\" lord of the sea or of rivers \"\' ; hence in the later mythology he became a kind of Neptune, and is there best known in his character of god of the ocean … “Ocean” …[21]

Savanas, Maharashtra, India; Savanahalli, Karnatakaq, India; Savanalu, Karnataka, India; Savanadurga, Karnataka, India

 

Saratoga, Wyoming; Saratoga, New York; Saratoga, California; Saratoga, Arkansas

All of the above places named “Saratoga” are associated with springs, hot and cold.

Sanskrit           sara     mf(%{A})n. (fr. %{sR}) fluid , liquid … cathartic , purgative , … going , moving &c. … m. going , motion L. ; a cord … f. moving or wandering about … a brook … a cascade, waterfall … f. a cascade (cf. %{sari}) L. ; n. a lake , pool

                        sarat    mfn. going , flowing , proceeding

ga 1) To go, move in general (often as suffix at the end of river names)

(गा) 1b) A name of Sarasvatī.

Sarata, Maharashtra, India; Sarata, Odisha, India; Saratal, Odisha, India; Saratanpur, Gujarat, India; Togan, Chandigarh, India; Togas, Rajasthan, India

 

Nemaha, Nebraska; Nemaha County Kansas

Named after the Nemaha River, based on an Otoe word meaning "swampy water." (wiki Placen. N.A. origin Nebraska)

Sanskrit           nimajj P. ... to sink down , dive , sink or plunge or penetrate into , bathe in (loc.) … to sink in its cavity (the eye) Sus3r. ; to disappear , perish … to immerse or submerge in water , cause to sink or perish … to cause to dive under water … to cause to penetrate into a battle , lead into the thick of a fight

nimajjana       mf(%{I})n. causing a person (gen.) to enter or plunge into (water &c.) … n. bathing , diving , sinking , immersion

                        nimajjana       n. diving, bathing.

Nemmara, Kerala, India; Nemawar, Madhya Pradesh, India; Nemalo, Odisha, India

 

Kasota, Minnesota 

Dakota/Sioux  Name of a village meaning clear, or clear off

Marathi           Kasod{t)a (not Sanskrit): Two place names-of India. l) in Rajasthan, Baratpur. 2) in Maharashtra, Jalgaon, meaning why leave? in Marathi language suggesting a pleasant place to live.[22]

Kasoda, Maharashtra, India; Village Kasota, Madhya Pradesh, India; Prakash Kasota, Khatikamdi, Rajasthan, India

 

Makato (river) and Mankato (city), Blue Earth County, Minnesota

Dakota/Sioux  Mahkato  name of the Blue Earth river ma-ka: ground. earth + to: blue; green, and the intermediate shades[23]

Sanskrit           maki: heaven and earth[24]

tru: green[25]

Makatpur, Giridih, Jharkhand, India; Makatpur, Koderma, Jharkhand, India; Mahkatartari Shiv Temple, Jamuguri, Assam, India

 

Manomin (lake) and Mahnomen (town)

Ojibway          manomin: wild rice, the name of their important food cereal + min: berry

Sanskrit           manda: the scum of boiled rice (or any grain) + mid or mind: to make fat, thus. that which fattens, or thickens, the scum on the rice water.[26]

Manomi, Karnataka, India; Mahnora, Uttar Pradesh, India; Mahnoodpur Korauli, Uttar Pradesh, India; Mahnoor, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Lake Manoor Kayal, Kerala, India

 

Onamia (lake), Minnesota 

Ojibway          Onamia “Name of an especially productive wild rice lake … possibly derived from onamani meaning vermilion color.  Onaman, red clay (for painting); vermillion.  Wild rice harvest feasts are, or were, celebrated here annually with prayers for absence of storms during the harvest period. Wild rice has been harvested in this region probably from about 800 A.D. on, in numerous villages occupied for most of the year in the late prehistoric period ...”[27]

Tamil               Onam, in Kerala state, sw India, is a harvest festival lasting 4 days (Aug/Sept). Caparisoned elephants take part in processions and there is feasting, singing, dancing, and a boat race … the dancers' faces are usually painted red.[28]

                        Onam is a festival that commemorates the story of Vaman pressing King Bali to move his kingdom to “the Underworld.”

Onam, Uttar Pradesh, India; Onampilly, Kerala, India

 

Shakopee (city), Minnesota

Dakota/Sioux  Shakopee  six, the hereditary name of successive chiefs

Sanskrit:          Shatka: consisting of six

api or sometimes pi: expresses ... proximity[29]

Shakoorpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; Shakoor, Punjab, India

 

Mississippi River

Wakpá Tháŋka or Haha Wakpa is the Dakota name for the river that connects all waters and all lives where we live.[30]

Dakota            Wakpá (river) “Wakpa.  The Dakota word for ‘river.’ But it is more than a word. Wakpa is the source of life. Rivers carry our first medicine, mni, that can nourish and heal us.”[31]

Tháŋka  Tháŋka "to be large, great in size or renown; to be a grown up"[32]

Sanskrit           vAkpradA Sanga

vAkpradA      f. N. of the river Sarasvati[33]  The Sarasvati was the archetypal sacred river of Indus/Saraswati Civilization until the flow of the Himalayan waters shifted to the Ganges.

Saṅga (सङ्ग).—i. e. sam-ga … m. 1. Joining, uniting … Meeting … Confluence of

rivers.[34]

Sanga/sangha/samga often becomes “tanga,” as in Africa’s Lake Tanganika, another confluence of waters, that drains into the Congo River, also derived from the root Saṅgha. 

Dakota             Haha Wakpa

Sanskrit           ha        2 (only L.) m. a form of Siva or Bhairava; water  

“Ha” or “aha,” “ap” or “apa,” etc., indicates “water” in a number of Native American languages and placenames, as is true of Sanskrit. 

Thus the Mississippi is the “Water-Water River,” implying the massive flow of North America’s greatest river.

Chipewa          Missi Sippi,” or “large flowing water.”[35]

                        Mechasipi  “the ancient father of waters.”[36]

Sanskrit           maha   1 mfn. great , mighty , strong , abundant[37]

Tamil              makA  1. great, high, exalted, dignified, noble, honourable; 2. immense, prodigious, stupendous, monstrous, extreme; 3. superior, paramount, superlative; 4. intense[38] 

                        This basic prefix for “great” is employed all over the world, from Sanskrit ‘Maha” to Tamil “Maka,” Greek and English “Mega” and English “much,” Spanish as “mucho,” and in the Americas as “Mechi,” “Missi,” Algonquin “Mishi,” Lenni-Lenape “maugh” and as in the Cheyenne word for “Great Spirit,” “Maheo.”

Sanskrit           sApIDa  mfn. emitting or discharging a stream of water[39]

                        Supayas  mfn. having beautiful water[40]

Mechal, Kerala, India; Mahanadi (lit. ‘Great River”) River, Odisha, India; Supai, Bihar, India; Supaidi, Jharkhand, India

 

Sangamon River, Illinois

"Sangamon" is a Potawatomi word and translates to "where there's plenty to eat. And during the presettlement days, Native Americans who lived along the river feasted there.”[41]

Sanskrit           saMgamana    mf(%{I})n. gathering together , a gatherer RV. AV. ; m. N. of Yama … n. coming together, coming into contact with, meeting with … partaking of …[42]

                        Saṅga (सङ्ग).—i. e. sam-ga … m. 1. Joining, uniting … Meeting … Confluence of rivers.[43]

Sangamam, Dhanushkodi, India (beach on the fabled Rama Setu, the shoals between India and Sri Lanka where Lord Rama is anciently touted to have built a bridge to rescue His Consort Sita from Ravana); Sangamankulam, Avinashi, Tamil Nadu, India; Sangam, Devprayag, Uttarakhand, India (confluence of Ganges and Alakananda Rivers); Sangamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India

 

Sangaina Creek, Alaska

Sanskrit           Saṅga (सङ्ग).—i. e. sam-ga … m. 1. Joining, uniting … Meeting … Confluence of

rivers.[44]

Sangain, Jharkhand, India (community next to the Hill River)

 

Baboquivari mountains in southern Arizona, traditional name given by O'Odham people, and a source of much gold and silver.[45]
Baba-Kubera, Sanskrit, "father"-"god of riches and treasure."[46]

Babowal, Punjab, India; Baboli, Chhattisgarh, India; Kubera, Odisha, India; Kubera, Rajasthan, India

 

Niagara Falls, New York

It is believed that Niagara is a derivative of the Iroquoian word, “Onguiaahra”, which was anglicized by missionaries. The name appears on maps as early as 1641. The generally accepted meaning is, “The Strait”.  Some think it was derived from the narrow waterway that flows north from Lakes Erie to Lake Ontario. Early maps do not refer to the Niagara River but the Niagara Strait, which is more correct.  Others believe the word Niagara is taken from another native word meaning, “Thundering Waters”.  Another theory of the name's origin suggests Niagara is derived from the name given to a local group of Aboriginals, called the Niagagarega people.[47]

Sanskrit           nyaJc  ({nI3c} f. directed downwards, going down, deep (l. & f.); n. {nya3k} adv. downwards, down, w. {kR} bring down …

            gara     mfn. (2. %{gRR}) swallowing … any drink , beverage , fluid … f. swallowing L. … sprinkling , wetting

Gara (गर).—a. (-rī f.)  Swallowing.  -raḥ 1 Any drink or fluid, beverage.

gāra (गार).—a. Cold, very cold--water &c.  

Nyagal Bari, Rajasthan, India; Nyagal Chhoti, Rajasthan, India; Nagar, Rajasthan, India; Nagaram, Telangana, India; Gara, Andhra Pradesh, India (next to Vamsadhara River); River Garampani, Assam, India

 

Kalispell, Montana

Name purportedly from Salish kali’spe that means “Flat land above the lake.”  Despite the contention of some that the placename Kalispell is a false cognate to the Kali Ma of Hinduism, the resonance is still significant…if not, after all, veritably granting clues of ancient transpacific contact and shared religious understandings across the globe.  Often placenames change meanings as centuries pass and as new tribes and cultures and languages become prominent in a given area, but those placenames often enough betray a resonance with the original linguistic and cultural source.  (See below, “Salish Lake”)

Hindu              Kali Goddess, Form of Parvati, Consort to Shiva

Tamil               pAy     servant

Kalisil River, Rajasthan, India; Kalisthan, Bariyarpur, Bihar, India; Kalisindh River, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, India

 

Salish Lake (Flathead Lake), Montana

Salish               salish  “givers of water”

                        Se'ułku, Se'uliq, Se'ułq Water

Sanskrit           salila    a. waving, flowing, inconstant; n. flood, stream, water.

                        salilAzaya       m. water-receptacle, pond, lake.

                        salilasaraka    s. a mug with water.

                        salilottha         mfn. risen from the ocean[48]  If this term happened to be the origin of the tribe name “Salish,” it would clearly imply the Salish’s ancestors anciently arrived via the ocean.

Saliste, Maharashtra, India;  Saliskote, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Salisanda, West Bengal, India; Salisandai, Tamil Nadu, India

 

Silimihi, Santa Rosa Island, California

silimihi, a village on Santa Rosa Island whose name is said to mean 'always water' (but the name is also given as siliwihi)[49]

Sanskrit           salila    a. waving, flowing, inconstant; n. flood, stream, water.

Silimi, Odisha, India; Silimpur, Maharashtra, India; Silimpur, West Bengal, India

 

Mount Jurupa, California

Sanskrit           gorUpa  mfn. cow-shaped … n. the shape of a cow

Juru, Jharkhand, India; Gorupalem, Andhra Pradesh, India

  

Anacapa Island, California

“Anacapa, the name of the island off Ventura County, is absurdly given by Bailey, page 360, as Spanish for " Cape Ann. " The Chumash original is Anyapah, recorded by Vancouver as Enneeapah, misspelled Enecapah by the map engraver, and then Spanicized into Anacapa…[51]

“The name Anacapa comes from the Chumash word “anyapakh” which means ‘mirage’ or ‘ever-changing.’”[52]

Hindu              Ayyappa, another name for Aadi Maha Shasta, Son of Shiva and Vishnu

Sanskrit           anAyaka         mf(%{A})n. having no leader or ruler , disorderly

Anyapur Pokhai, Bihar, India; Anyapatti, Tamil Nadu, India; Ayyappa Nagar, Krishnarajapura, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India; Ayyappan Thangal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

 

Marin County, California

“Marin County was named after Chief Marin (whose native American name was Huicmuse), an 18th century leader of the Licatiut, a branch of the Coast Miwok.”[53]

“Nevertheless, if a conclusion regarding the name Marin is needed, it may appear in Louise Teather’s exhaustively researched book Place Names of Marin (Scottwall Associates, 1986). ‘The name Marin,’ writes Teather, ‘honors a legendary Indian who was either a great chief or a skilled sailor, or one and then the other; or (it honors) a Spanish name given during the first charting of the bay in 1775; or all of the above.’”[54]

Sanskrit           mArin mfn. (only ifc.) dying … killing

 

Umpqua River

The name "Umpqua" likely derives from a Tolowa word for "a place along the river." Other theories report that "Umpqua" means "thundering water," "dancing water" or "bring across the river."

Sanskrit           uma     m. a city , town L. ; a wharf , landing-place

ga        “going , moving,” a suffix in the names of many rivers, i.e., “flow.”

Uma River, Maharashtra, India; Umar River, Madhya Pradesh, India; River Umiam, Meghalaya, india; River Umterien, Meghalaya, India; Umpung, Meghalaya, India; Umpanai, Assam, India 

 

Napa, California

Tamil               napA   profit, gain, advantage

Napa Talpad, Gujarat, India; Napad, Gujarat, India; Napasar, Rajasthan, India

 

Aguanga, California next to a dry creek

Ganga, River and Goddess in India

 

Ouray, CO  “an arrow”

Tamil               oRRu-tal          01 1. to bring into contact; to press, hug close; 2. to stamp, as a seal; 3. to spy out; 4. to beat, as cymbals in keeping time; 5. to strike; 6. to press down; to press upon; 7. to attack; 8. to touch; 9. to embrace; 10. to wipe away, as tears; 11. to pry into; 12. to push, as a door; 13. to fell down; 14. to tie, fasten; 15. to tug; to strain; 16. to approach; 17. to shoot, as an arrow

                        ari        01 1. Indra\'s weapon; 2. diamond; 3. mouth; 4. Arrow

 

Gila River

Popular theory says that the word "Gila" was derived from a Spanish contraction of Hah-quah-sa-eel, a Yuma word meaning "running water which is salty".[8] Their traditional way of life (himdagĭ, sometimes rendered in English as Him-dak) was and is centered at the river, which is considered holy. (Wiki)

Sanskrit           gila      mfn. (= 2. %{gira}) ifc. `\" swallowing \"\

Gilaula, Uttar Pradesh, India; Gilalagundi, Karnataka, India

 

Niangua, Missouri; Niangua River, Missouri; Lake Niangua, Missouri

Sanskrit           nyanta  m. or n. proximity … near , near to.

                        ga   flow, go, often related to river/water

Niangju, Meghalaya, India

 

Tujunga, California; Big Tujunga Creek, California; Little Tujunga Creek, California

Ganga/Ganges River, India

Sanskrit                       Ga  go, flow

Tujung, Odisha, India; Tajungia, Odisha, India

 

Havana, Arkansas; Havana, Cuba

“capital city, founded 1514 by Diego Velázquez as San Cristóbal de la Habana ‘St. Christopher of the Habana,’ apparently the name of a local native people.”[55]  “The Taíno word for Havana was ‘Habana,’ which means ‘a place where they worship the goddess Habaguanex.’”[56]

“The name Havana has multiple meanings and interpretations, depending on the context and culture. Here are some of the most common meanings associated with the name Havana:  Place of worship: As mentioned earlier, the original meaning of Havana comes from the Taíno language and refers to a place where people worshipped a goddess.”[57]

Sanskrit           Havana   1 m. fire or Agni the god of fire L. ; a fire-receptacle (= f.) L. [1293,3] ; (%{I}) f. the sacrificial ladle S3Br. Ka1tyS3r. ; a hole made in the ground for the sacrificial fire which is to receive a burnt-oblation L. ; (%{am}) n. the act of offering an oblation with fire , sacrifice … a sacrificial ladle

                        Havana   2 m. N. of a Rudra MBh. Hariv. ; n. calling , invocation , summons

Havanagi, Karnataka, India; Havaniya Rundi, Rajasthan, India

 

Arcata, CA

Arcata, in Humboldt County, is said by Gannett to mean "sunny spot" in Indian. Such a place-name would be very unusual in any California Indian language, nor does the sound suggest a word in the Wiyot language, which is the idiom spoken in the vicinity.

The name "Arcata" comes from the Yurok term oket'oh that means "where there is a lagoon"and referred to Humboldt Bay which is a barrier lagoon.

 

Sanskrit           Arkatanaya (अर्कतनय).—'a son of the sun', an epithet of Karṇa, Yama, Manu Vaivasvata, Manu Sāvarṇi and Saturn; see अरुणात्मज (aruṇātmaja).  -yā Name of the rivers Yamunā and Tāpti.

Arkatanaya (अर्कतनय).—m. (-yaḥ) The sons of Surya or the sun, applicable to Yama, to Sani, to the Munis Vaivaswata and Savarni, to Revanta, and to Karna.  f. (-yā) The daughter of the sun, applied to the river goddesses Jamuna and Tapti. E. arka, and tanaya a son.

 

 

Yama/Yami/Yamuna (River in India) in Native American place names

 

Sanskrit           yama   m. a rein , curb , bridle RV. v , 61 , 2 ; a driver , charioteer ib. viii , 103 , to ; the act of checking or curbing , suppression , restraint (with %{vAcAm} , restraint of words , silence) BhP. ; self-control forbearance , any great moral rule or duty (as opp. to %{niyama} , a minor observance … any rule or observance … n. twin-born , twin , forming a … m. a twin , one of a pair or couple , a fellow … N. of the god who presides over the Pitris  and rules the spirits of the dead … (he is regarded as the first of men and born from Vivasvat , `\" the Sun \"\' , and his wife Saran2yu1 … his twin-sister is Yami, with whom he resists sexual alliance , but by whom he is mourned after his death , so that the gods , to make her forget her sorrow , create night ; in the Veda he is called a king or … `\" the gatherer of men \"\' , and rules over the departed fathers in heaven , the road to which is guarded by two broad-nosed , four-eyed , spotted dogs … in Post-vedic mythology he is the appointed Judge and `\" Restrainer \"\' or `\" Punisher \"\' of the dead , in which capacity he is also called %{dharmarAja} or %{dharma} and corresponds to the Greek Pluto and to Minos ; his abode is in some region of the lower world called Yama-pura ; thither a soul when it leaves the body , is said to repair , and there , after the recorder , Citra-gupta , has read an account of its actions kept in a book called Agra-sam2dha1na1 , it receives a just sentence ; in MBh. Yama is described as dressed in blood-red garments , with a glittering form , a crown on his head , glowing eyes and like Varun2a , holding a noose , with which he binds the spirit after drawing it from the body , in size about the measure of a man\'s thumb ; he is otherwise represented as grim in aspect , green in colour , clothed in red , riding on a buffalo , and holding a club in one hind and noose in the other ; in the later mythology he is always represented as a terrible deity inflicting tortures , called %{yAtanA} , on departed spirits …[58]

                        yamunA          f. N. of a river commonly called the Jumna1 (in Hariv. and Ma1rkP. identified with Yami1 q.v. ; it rises in the Hima7laya mountains among the Jumnotri peaks at an elevation of 10 ,849 feet , and flows for 860 miles before it joins the Ganges at Allahabad , its water being there clear as crystal , while that of the Ganges is yellowish ; the confluence of the two with the river Sarasvati1 , supposed to join them underground , is called %{tri-veNI} q.v.)[59]

 

Yampai, Arizona

The “River Yuman” language group includes the Yuman, Maricopa and Quechan languages.[60] The Yuman were nomadic.

Sanskrit           yamunA          f. N. of a river commonly called the Jumna

                        pA                   P. ... to watch , keep , preserve ; to protect from , defend against … to protect (a country) i.e. rule , govern … to observe , notice , attend to , follow

                        pay                  %{payate} , to go , move

Yuman            pai  “people”

Tamil              pai   1. greenness, freshness; 2. colour; 3. youth; 4. beauty; 5. strength, vigour[61]

                        pAy                 servant[62]

                        paya-ttal          1. to yield, produce, put forth fruit; 2. to come into existence; to be made  [The Tamil suffix -ttal indicates the preceding word is a verb]

Yampalle, Telangana, India; Yampur, Chhattisgarh, India; Yampha, Nagaland, India

 

Yuma, Arizona   The Colorado River runs through Yuma.

Sanskrit           yamunA         f. N. of a river commonly called the Jumna

Yumthang, Sikkim, India; Jumnal, Karnataka, India; Jumanal, Karnataka, India

 

Yamhill County, named after the Yamhela people.

The best evidence of the origin of the name is that it was the early name given the Yamhelas Indian Tribe, part of the Kalapooian family.

Sanskrit           kAla    … time (as leading to events, the causes of which are imperceptible to the mind of man), destiny, fate … time (as destroying all things), death, time of death (often personified and represented with the attributes of Yama , regent of the dead , or even identified with him[63]

Tamil               kalappu          1. cordiality, fraternity; combination; mixture; 2. meeting; 3. friendship; fellowship, intimacy[64]

Yamhon Old, Nagaland, India; Kalapura, Rajasthan, India; Kalapuram, Andra Pradesh, India

 

Yemassee, South Carolina   Named after the Yamasee Tribe

Muscogee       Yamasee/yvmvse       “tame”[65]          

Sanskrit           yama m. a rein , curb , bridle RV., … the act of checking or curbing , suppression, restraint … restraint of words , silence) … self-control forbearance, any great moral rule or . . . (in Yoga) self-restraint (as the first of the eight An3gas or means of attaining mental concentration) … any rule or observance... 

Yamasandi, Karnataka, India

 

Yampa River, Colorado; Yampa, Colorado

Sanskrit           yamunA         f. N. of a river commonly called the Jumna

pa or pA          “to give drink” or “protect”

pA                   P. ... to watch , keep , preserve ; to protect from , defend against … to protect (a country) i.e. rule , govern Ra1jat. ; to observe , notice , attend to , follow

Yamuna River, Tributary to the Ganges, Northern India; Yampalle, Telangana, India; Yampur, Chhattisgarh, India; Yampha, Nagaland, India

 

Yamachiche, Quebec, Canada

Sanskrit           yam, yacchati, -te        ({yamati, -te}), pp. {yata3} (q.v.) hold, hold [[-,]] up, lift, raise, erect, sustain, support; hold back, restrain, check, stop; hold out, offer, grant, furnish, give

Yamakanmardi, Karnataka, India

 

Yamaska, Quebec Canada

Sanskrit suffix -aska indicates “lack of,” or “without.”  Thus perhaps “absence of death.”

Yamasandi, Karnataka, India

 

 

State Names

 

Alaska

“From Eskimo word "alakshak”, meaning peninsula; also said to mean "great lands."[66]

Tamil               al         “night” or alternately “sunshine”

Sanskrit           -aska   suffix which indicates “lack of,” or “without.” 

Thus “Alaska” would mean “absence of night or sunshine,” depending on the season.

Alasanatham, Tamil Nadu, India; Alas, Maharashtra, India; Alasin, West Bengal, India

 

Arizona

“Many authorities attribute the meaning to a word meaning arid zone or desert. Others claim the name is Aztec, from ‘arizuma’ meaning ‘silver bearing.’”[67]

Sanskrit           ari       1 mfn. attached to faithful RV. … m. a faithful or devoted or pious man

Tamil               ari        1. green; 2. yellow, brown, tawny, fawn colour; 3. gold, wealth; 4. colour; 5. beauty; 6. emerald;

Hindi               Sonā (सोना):—(nm) gold; an excellent thing; (v) to sleep … gold and silver

Arizal, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Arizpur, Bihar, India; Sonapur, Bihar, India; Sonamukhi, West Bengal, India; Arisola, Odisha, India; Sonamarg, Jammu and Kashmir, India

 

Arkansas

Origin uncertain. As usual with words of Indian origin, there are various spellings for this State name, among them Alkansia, Alkansas, and Akamsea. The word, according to some, is of Algonquin origin, and the meaning is unknown.[68]

Sanskrit           arkAMza        m. a digit or the twelfth part of the sun\'s disc[69]

arka                m. a ray , flash of lightning … the sun … number twelve … crystal

Arkalgud, Karnataka, India; Arkavathi River, Karnataka. India; Arkhar, Chhattisgarh, India; Arka Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; Arkandi, Uttar Pradesh, India; Arkani, Uttarakhand, India; Arkandla, Telangana, India

 

 

California        Generally agreed that Cortez first applied the name, the origin is traced to the name of an imaginary island in an old Spanish romance written by Montalvo in 1510. The island is described as an earthly paradise, abundant with gold and precious gems.

Sanskrit           kAlItanaya     m. `\" son (or favourite) of Durga1 \"\' , a buffalo L.

 

Idaho

Origin uncertain. Some claim it to sterol from an Indian word of unknown meaning, while others claim the meaning "gem of the mountains," which properly describes the State especially because Indian translations quite often referred to natural features of surrounding country. Another claim is the Shoshone translation of "Edah hoe," or "light on the mountains."[70]

Sanskrit           iddha   mfn. kindled , lighted , alight ; shining , glowing , blazing RV. … clean , clear , bright ; wonderful L. ; (%{am}) n. sunshine , light , heat ; a wonder[71]

                        aga      (*a. not moving;) m. tree or mountain[72]

                        gir       3 m.= %{giri4} , a mountain[73]

Idda, Punjab, India; Iddalgi, Karnataka, India; Idahalla Kaval, Karnataka, India; Idahiya Navi Jot, Uttar Pradesh, India

 

Illinois

“From the Illini Indian word meaning ‘men’ or ‘warriors,’ supplemented by the French adjective ending ‘ois/’”[74]

“What were Illini Indian weapons, tools and artifacts like?  Illini hunters and warriors used bows and arrows, spears, and clubs.”[75]

Sanskrit           ilI         f. a cudgel , a stick shaped like a sword or a short sword

                        nI        to lead , guide , conduct , direct , govern

Ilia, Uttar Pradesh, India; Illindrada, Andhra Pradesh, India

 

Kansas

“Named for the Kansas or Kanza tribe of the Sioux family that lived along a river in the area and gave it the tribal name. The name translates as ‘south wind people,’ or ‘wind people.’"

Sanskrit           kaMsazatru    m. N. of Krishna

Kamsara, Odisha, India; Kamsali Bethapudi, Andhra Pradesh, India; Kamsanahalli, Karnataka, India                 

 

Kentucky

Origin and meaning controversial. Pioneer George Rogers Clark claimed the name was derived from the Indian word "Kentake," meaning "meadow land." The claim is also made that it stems from the Shawnee word meaning "at the head of a river" inasmuch as they used the Kentucky River in traveling throughout the area. It is also claimed to stem from the Wyandot word "Ken-tah-ten," meaning "land of tomorrow."

Joliet map of 1670 the word Kentayentonga is written across the northern part of Ky., just south present Cincinnati . and beneath it a legend setting forth the fine country and many fruits to

be found there. The name and the description undoubtedly refer to the comparatively level, limestone lands which the traveler down the Ohio meets when he passes below the rough. sandstone hills that border that riv. from its head to nearly Maysville, Ky.”[76]

Tamil               kaNTAyam    opening, outlet, avenue, passage

                        kantAyam      1. astrological period of four months … 5. harvest season

kANTaka       mf(%{I})n. (fr. %{kaNTaka}) consisting of thorns

Sanskrit           Saṅga (सङ्ग).—i. e. sam-ga … m. 1. Joining, uniting … Meeting … Confluence of

rivers.[77]

Sanga/sangha/samga often becomes “tanga,” as in Africa’s Lake Tanganika.

Kantakai, Odisha, India; Kantakapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India; Kantakamamba temple, Kantakapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India; Kantayapalem, Telangana, India; Tanga, Madhya Pradesh/Maharashtra/West Bengal/Uttarakhand, India

 

Minnesota

From Sioux word meaning "cloudy water" or “sky-tinted water,” deriving its name from the river of the same name.

Sanskrit           maNi              … “a large water-jar”

                        mIna               m. fish

                        mInAlaya       m. `\" abode of fish \"\' , the sea , ocean

sudAman        mfn. giving well, bestowing abundantly, bountiful; m. a cloud

soma                  heaven, sky, ether …

somadhArA   f. the milky way … the sky, heaven

Hindi               Sotā (सोता):—(a) sleeping; (nm) a stream, spring, brook; source …

Pali                  Sota, 2 (m. & nt.) (Vedic srotas, nt. , fr. sru; see savati) 1. stream, flood, torrent

Minaspur, Karnataka, India; Minasandra, Karnataka, India; Manipur, India (state);  Minnapura, Karnataka, India; Minnal, Tamil Nadu, India, India; Manimala River, Kerala, India; Minavada, Gujarat, India (next to the Mohar River); Sotai, Haryana, India; Sotal, Punjab, India

 

Mississippi

Accounts by La Salle and Marquette, late 1600s French explorers, mention that the Chippewa Indians called the river the “Missi Sippi,” or “large flowing water.”

In the first decade of the 1700s, French governor D’Iberville in Mobile referred to the Mississippi as the St. Louis River in honor of King Louis XIV of France. French historian Antoine-Simon le Page du Pratz wrote a history of Louisiana in 1758. In it, he said Native Americans referred to the Mississippi as the “Mechasipi,” or “the ancient father of waters.”[78]

Sanskrit           mah     2 mf n. great , strong , powerful mighty …

mah     f.  great, mighty, powerful, strong, abundant; old, aged. f. the earth (as the great one), ground, soil, land, country, kingdom; space; host; cow; du. heaven and earth; pl. rivers, waters.

maha   1 mfn. great , mighty , strong , abundant … ; m. (cf. %{makha} , %{magha}) a feast, festival … the festival of spring … a sacrifice L. ; a buffalo L. ; light , lustre , brilliance … f. a cow … n. pl. great deeds RV.

                        maha   2 a. great, rich, abundant,

                        mahi    adj.  great; adv. greatly, much.

Tamil               makA  1. great, high, exalted, dignified, noble, honourable; 2. immense, prodigious, stupendous, monstrous, extreme; 3. superior, paramount, superlative; 4. intense

Sanskrit           sApIDa           mfn. emitting or discharging a stream of water

                        Supayas  mfn. having beautiful water

Mechal, Kerala, India; Mahanadi River, Odisha, India; Supai, Bihar, India; Supaidi, Jharkhand, India

 

Missouri

The word "Missouri" often has been construed to mean "muddy water" but the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology has stated it means "town of the large canoes."[79]

There are five large waterfalls on the Missouri River.

Sanskrit           mizr     (also written %{misr} , properly Nom. fr. %{mizra} below) … to mix , mingle , blend , combine … to add … Lat. {miscere} ; Slav. … {mi4sti} , {maisztas} ; Germ. {misken} , {mischen} ; Angl. Sax. {miscian} ; Eng. {mix} sari f. a cascade, waterfall

sarila   n. = %{salila} water

Mizoram, India (state); Sari, West Bengal, India; Sari, Uttarakhand, India; Sari, Bihar, India; Sari, Gujarat, India

 

Michigan

From Algonquin word "Mishigamaw," meaning “big lake” or “great water,” deriving its name from the lake of the same name. Also said to be from "Michi" meaning "great" and "Gama" meaning “water.”[80]

Tamil               mIcaram         1. that which is superior or great; 2. plenty; 3. Speed

makA  1. great, high, exalted, dignified, noble, honourable; 2. immense, prodigious, stupendous, monstrous, extreme; 3. superior, paramount, superlative; 4. intense

Sanskrit           maha   1 mfn. great , mighty , strong , abundant

gara     mfn.  "swallowing" ; m. any drink , beverage , fluid

ga        2 mf(%{A})n. (%{gam}) only ifc. going , moving (often attached at the end of river names, as with the River Ganga  . . .)

Mahagama pokhar (Lake), Jharkhand, India; Mechi River, Border between India and Nepal; Mishipur, West Bengal, India; Mishirdi, Jharkhand, India; Mishilimi, Nagaland, India

 

New Mexico

the name "Mexico" comes from Nahuatl Mēxihco, of unknown derivation.[81]

The etymology of the word ‘Mexico’ has been widely discussed as there is no definitive proof about its sole origin. The theory that is mostly accepted points out that it is formed from three Nahuatl words: ‘metztli’ meaning ‘moon’; ‘xictli’ translate as ‘belly button’ or ‘centre’; and the affix ‘-co’ indicating ‘place’.[82]

Sanskrit           nava    1 mf n. new , fresh , recent , young , modern (via Spanish “nava”)

Mākṣika (माक्षिक).—n.  (-kaṃ) 1. A mineral substance, of which two kinds are described; the svarṇamākṣika or gold Makshika, of a bright yellow colour, apparently the common pyritic iron ore: and the rūpyamākṣika or silver Makshika, which answers in appearance to the Hepatic pyrites of iron; other names of these ores occur; as viṭmākṣika and kāṃsyamākṣika, or feculent Makshika and mixed metal Makshika they are however, perhaps rather synonyms of the gold and silver ore, respectively, than names of distinct species. 2. Honey. E. makṣikā a bee, aṇ aff. of derivation; the name is applied to the ore, from its honey-like colour.

Maksi, Madhya Pradesh, India; Maksaspur, Bihar, India; Maksaspur River, Harijan Tola Road, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India

 

Wisconsin

From an Indian name whose meaning is uncertain. Named after its principal river and said to mean "wild rushing channel;" also refers to "holes in the banks of a stream in which birds nest." Spelled Ouisconsin and Misconsing by early chroniclers.

Sanskrit           viSkanda        m. dispersing, going away[83] (like the waters of a river)

Viskama Temple, Ekma, Bihar, India; Wiskalan, Uttar Pradesh, India

 

Wyoming

According to the Wyoming Secretary of State, “the name Wyoming is a contraction of the Native American word mecheweamiing (“at the big plains”), and was first used by the Delaware people as a name for the Wyoming Valley in northeastern Pennsylvania.”

Depending on who you talk with, the word “Wyoming” in Delaware Indian language means either "large plains" or “mountains and valleys alternating;” in Munsee language "at the big river flat;” or in Algonquin “a large prairie place.”[84]

            (cap)    vAyumant       a. joined or connected with wind.

Vayu Nagar, Deen Dayal Nagar, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India; Wayanad, Kerala, India

 

This last example of a United States of America state name that seems to bear etymological relation (else at least esoteric resonance) to a possible Sanskrit cognate is also an example of the subtle play of the Divine that my “mind’s eye” generally employs as a lens to view reality, as “Gods and Goddesses” and other such players planting little clues in the everyday of the spirited order of Nature.  For though the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania is not terrifically windy, the state of Wyoming, named after that valley in Pennsylvania, is unequivocally known for the wind, Vayu . . .

 







[1] “WHAT DOES “ANASAZI” MEAN, AND WHY IS IT CONTROVERSIAL?” Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, accessed August 11, 2023, https://indianpueblo.org/what-does-anasazi-mean-and-why-is-it-controversial/#:~:text=The%20term%20is%20Navajo%20in,%E2%80%9D%20or%20%E2%80%9CAncestral%20Puebloan.%E2%80%9D.

[2] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “anazaya,” accessed June 10, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[5] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “anu,” accessed August 27, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[6] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “maricopa,” accessed August 29, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html

[7] “Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Mojave Words,” Native Languages of the Americas, accessed August 25, 2023, https://www.native-languages.org/mojave_words.htm.

[8] Pamela Monro, Nellie Brown, Judith G. Crawford, “A Mojave Dictionary,” UCLA Occasional Papers in Linguistics 10, UCLA Department of Linguistics, PDF, accessed August 25, 2023, https://linguistics.ucla.edu/publications/opl_10.pdf

[9] “Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Quechan (Yuma) Words,” Native Languages of the Americas, accessed August 27, 2023, https://www.native-languages.org/quechan_words.htm.

[10] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “ha,” accessed June 10, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[11] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “hari,” accessed August 27, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[12]   Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom Library Peace-Love-Dharma, s.v. “vasu,” accessed August 25, 2023, https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vasu.

[13] Ibid.

[15] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “hava,” accessed August 27, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[16] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “supayas,” accessed August 27, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html..

[17] Ibid.

[22] Donald B. Lawrence, Makarand Jawadekar, “Some Aboriginal Minnesota Names Borrowed From Sanskrit and Japanese,” Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science, Volume 45, Number 2, Article 6, 1979, accessed August 11, 2023, https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1635&context=jmas.

[24] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “maki,” accessed June 10, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Ibid.

[27] Ibid.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Ibid.

[30] “We are on Dakota homelands,” Friends of the Mississippi River, accessed August 12, 2023, https://fmr.org/where-we-work#:~:text=Wakp%C3%A1%20Th%C3%A1%C5%8Bka%20or%20Haha%20Wakpa,of%20these%20lands%20and%20waters.

[31] “Wakpa,” Public Art Saint Paul, September 30, 2022, https://publicartstpaul.org/wakpa-definition/#:~:text=Wakpa.,filling%2C%20sounds%20of%20water%20falling.

[32] “Dakota Language,” Wikipedia, accessed August 14, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_language.

[33] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom Library Peace-Love-Dharma, s.v. “vAkpradA,” accessed August 12, 2023, https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sangam.

[34] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom Library Peace-Love-Dharma, s.v. “sanga,” accessed August 12, 2023, https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sangam.

[35] “Ask Rufus: The origin of ‘Mississippi’,” The Dispatch, Columbus, Mississippi, August 30, 2023, https://cdispatch.com/opinions/ask-rufus-the-origin-of-mississippi/.

[36] Ibid.

[37] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “great,” accessed August 29, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[38] Ibid.

[39] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “water,” accessed August 29, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[40] Ibid.

[41] Marcus Jackson, “What's in a name? Sangamon River,” The News-Gazette, Community Media Group, June 25, 2019, https://www.news-gazette.com/news/whats-in-a-name-sangamon-river/article_4bc5c00c-2500-5e82-8baf-1439e358d9d3.html.

[43] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom Library Peace-Love-Dharma, s.v. “sanga,” accessed August 12, 2023, https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sangam.

[44] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom Library Peace-Love-Dharma, s.v. “sanga,” accessed August 12, 2023, https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sangam.

[45] William Ascarza, “Mine Tales: Baboquivari Mountains not far from Tucson yielded gold and silver,” Arizona Daily Star, May 14, 2018, Updated May 10, 2019, https://tucson.com/news/local/mine-tales-baboquivari-mountains-not-far-from-tucson-yielded-gold-and-silver/article_09df29a1-f219-533d-8ffd-96fce71a407d.html.

[46] Ibid.

[47] “WHERE DOES THE WORD NIAGARA COME FROM?” Niagara Falls Canada, September 27, 2018, https://www.niagarafallstourism.com/blog/where-does-the-word-niagara-come-from/.

[49] Richard B. Applegate, “Chumash Place Names,” The Journal of California Anthropology, 1(2), University of California Merced, December 1, 1974, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3s34f5ss

[51] A. L. Kroeber, “California Placenames of Indian Origin,” University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, June 15, 1916, accessed September 13, 2023, https://www.dotycoyote.com/pdfs/sources/kroeber_california_place_names.pdf.

[52] Rober Schwemmer, “Chumash Midden, Channel Island National Park,” National Parks Service, accessed September 15, 2023, https://www.nps.gov/places/000/chumash-midden.htm#:~:text=The%20name%20Anacapa%20comes%20from,Pathways%20Lead%20the%20Chumash%20Home.

[53] “Marin County,” Marin Association of Realtors, accessed September 10, 2023, https://marincountyrealtors.com/index.php?submenu=MarinCounty&src=gendocs&ref=MarinCounty&category=OurCommunity#:~:text=Marin%20County%20was%20named%20after,branch%20of%20the%20Coast%20Miwok.

[54] Jim Wood, “Origins of the Name of Marin County,” Marin Magazine, February 13, 2018, https://marinmagazine.com/arts-events/things-to-do/origins-of-the-name-of-marin-county/.

[55] “Havana General Information,” The Havana Grid, accessed September 12, 2023, https://havanagrid.com/et/info.

[56] Emma Carole Paradis and Kimberly Carole, “Understanding the Havana Name Meaning A Comprehensive Guide,” Impeccable Nest, accessed September 12, 2023, https://impeccablenestdesign.com/name-meaning/understanding-the-havana-name-meaning-a-comprehensive-guide/.

[57] Ibid.

[60] “Quechan Language,” Wikipedia, last edited June 5, 2023, accessed August 29, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechan_language#:~:text=Quechan%20belongs%20to%20the%20River,both%20the%20elderly%20and%20young.

[61] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. suffix “pai,” accessed August 29, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[62] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. prefix “pay,” accessed August 29, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[63] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. prefix “kala,” accessed August 29, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[64] Ibid.

[65] “Mvskoke Word List Y,” Muscogee Nation, Muscogee (Creek) Nation 2016, accessed August 1, 2022, https://www.muscogeenation.com/word-list-y/.

[66] “Origin of Names of US States,” U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs, January 4, 1974, https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/opa/online-press-release/origin-names-us-states.

[67] “Origin of Names of US States,” U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs

[68] “Origin of Names of US States,” U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs.

[69] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. prefix “arka,” accessed August 29, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[70] “Origin of Names of US States,” U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs, January 4, 1974, https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/opa/online-press-release/origin-names-us-states.

[72] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “aga,” accessed August 29, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[73] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “mountain,” accessed August 29, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html.

[74] “Origin of Names of US States,” U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs.

[75] “Illini,” Tribes of Iowa, Smore, accessed September1, 2023, https://www.smore.com/38r2f-illini.

[76] “Kentucky Name Origin,” Morehead State University, PDF, accessed September 1, 2023, https://scholarworks.moreheadstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1340&context=kentucky_county_histories.

[77] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom Library Peace-Love-Dharma, s.v. “sanga,” accessed August 12, 2023, https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sangam.

[78] “Ask Rufus: The origin of ‘Mississippi’,” The Dispatch, Columbus, Mississippi, August 30, 2023, https://cdispatch.com/opinions/ask-rufus-the-origin-of-mississippi/.

[84] https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/wyoming-name