The ancient world shows connections of peoples across oceans that indicate a shared paradigm and sense of the sacred, extant in so many diverse expressions and resonant forms, telling of an ancient unity of the world that the current official story is generally loathe else at least hesitant to acknowledge. Even looking to the plains and eastern tribes, not to mention Mexico and Central and South America to the Atlantic coast, further from likely landings of immigrants from Asia/Southeast Asia, many cognates and nigh cognates readily show that many Native American Indian languages are closely related to Sanskrit, Tamil and other Asian languages and cultures [Sanskrit and Tamil definitions are from the Cologne Digital Online Sanskrit Dictionary[i] or the Wisdom Library,[ii] unless otherwise noted]:
Muscogee/Mvskoke
yvmvse (pronounced
“Yamasee”) “tame”[iii]
Sanskrit yama a rein, curb, bridle[iv]
S. Iroquois nvda moon[v]
Sanskrit navodaya mfn.
newly risen (moon)
Aztecs Aztecah[vi] Nahuatl for Aztec
Sanskrit Astika mf(%{I})n. (fr. %{asti} , `\" there is
or exists \"\' … one who believes in the existence (of God, of another
world , &c.) ; believing, pious, faithful.[vii] This name origin would very much fit the
central Aztec myth of their ancestors originally coming from another homeland,
“Aztlan.”
Hopi words
corresponding to Sanskrit and Tamil words:
"Kiva," round
half-underground Hopi/Pueblo ceremonial houses with entrance on the roof.
Sanskrit ki, anthill,[viii]
va, dwelling[ix]
Hopi Sipapu
the hole in the floor of every kiva
that represents the place the people emerged from underground via a ladder
made of a hollow log.
Sanskrit sopAna n. (perhaps contracted fr. %{sa} +
%{upA7yana}) stairs, steps, a staircase, ladder to (gen. or
comp.)
sopAnabhUta mfn. become or being a staircase
sopAnapaGkti f. a line or flight of steps, staircase
ib.
sopAnapatha m. a way of steps, staircase
Tamil sOpAnam step; stair
Hopi Taawa sun[x]
Tamil Tavaṉaṉ
sun[xi]
Hopi Muuyaw moon[xii]
Tamil muyaRcaRai spots
on the moon, as like a hare
muyaRkUTu moon[xiii]
Hopi Kuuyi
water[xiv]
Tamil kOlA
or kayam[xv]
Hopi Kokyangwuti Creation, Spider grandmother Kokyang
spider, wuti woman
Sanskrit kAkANDa m. a kind of bean … (%{A}) f. a kind of
spider
kAkANDaka … (%{A}) f. a
kind of spider
vid 3 (originally
identical with 1. %{vid}) … to take to wife, marry to find (a
husband) , marry (said of a woman). English “Wed,” as in to marry.
vadhu f. woman, wife.
vah,
vahati, -te …{udA} & {samudA} lead away, esp. lead out a bride
from her father\'s house, i.e. marry. … marry … M. get married,
celebrate a wedding. C. give in marriage or marry.
Tamil vETTAL 1.
wife; 2. married woman
vatu 1.
bride; 2. daughter-in-law; 3. wife
Hopi anu ant
Sanskrit aNu f. …
small, minute, tiny, atomic[xvi]
Tamil aNu 1. atom, minute particle of matter; 2.
smallness, subtleness[xvii]
Hopi buxhu or pòoko
dog[xviii]
Sanskrit bhaSa, bhaSaka or Tamil pAki, purOkam [xix]
“dog”
Hopi döva earth[xx]
Sanskrit dhara[xxi]
earth
Hopi paayu river[xxii]
Sanskrit payo-
(prefix) payodhArA “stream” payoraya “river current”[xxiii]
Hopi patupha lake[xxiv]
Tamil patu “pond,
deep pool”[xxv]
Hopi qööhi fire[xxvi]
Tamil koLLi fire[xxvii]
Hopi tiva
dance
Sanskrit tandava dance
Navajo/Diné
words[xxviii]
[xxix]
[xxx]
cognate to/related to Sanskrit Tamil and Punjabi words[xxxi]
[xxxii]:
The name of the Diné and related Athabascan Dene
peoples, including the Denesuline (Chipewyan) people, generally means
“the people” or “original people,” as with many tribal names where the people may
have forgotten the original meaning of their peoples’ name. Generosity is a central tenet of the Dene/Diné culture, and especially food-sharing. As I formerly noted, it seems not unlikely
that the Dene/Diné were Danavas, of the children of Danu
and Kashyapa.
Sanskrit dAna 1 n. giving, imparting, bestowing of (gen. or
---) on (loc. or ---); giving in marriage, giving up, sacrificing, offering,
paying; teaching, communicating; granting, conceding; gift, present, donation.
dAnazIla a. of liberal disposition, munificent.
dAnazUra m. = {dAnapati}.
m. `\"
liberality-lord \"\' , munificent man
The
name of the Dene/ Diné people may also indicate they were of the offspring of Kashyapa’s
wife Danu, the Danavas. The
Sanskrit root da generally means “to give.”
Diné Aoo’ yes
Sanskrit Aho (अहो).—ind. 1) A particle showing (a) surprise or wonder;
often agreeable (ah, how great or wonderful)[xxxiii]
Punjabi Aaho yes
Diné ni
you, yours
Tamil nI you
Diné cheii grandfather
Tamil cIyAn great-grandfather
ciyyAn
maternal
grandfather
Diné Klaychaa’i dog
Sanskrit kauleya m. dog (lit. family or
domestic animal).
Kauleyaka mfn. sprung from a
noble family … pertaining to a family W. ; m. … `\" domestic animal
\"\' (or `\" of good breed\'?) , a dog (esp. a
hunting dog)
Diné Tó
water
Sanskrit toya n. water (p. {-vant}Å); acc. w. {kR} make a
libation of water.
Maize/corn plants (Diné “Nadąą”),[xxxiv]
and two photos of Arundo grass (Sanskrit “naDa”).[xxxv] [xxxvi]
Diné Nadąą
corn
Sanskrit naDa m. (L. also n.) a species of reed, Arundo
Tibialis or Karka [species of reed that very much resembles corn stalks]
Diné Hogan house
Sanskrit oka home,
house
Diné ke, kje foot; shoe
Sanskrit koza m. … a cask, vessel for holding liquids,
(metaphorically) cloud … a pail, bucket RV.; a drinking-vessel, cup L.; a box,
cupboard, drawer, trunk … a sheath, scabbard … a case, covering, cover … a
shoe, sandal
Diné ji̜, dʒə̃
day
Sanskrit dyu m. (rarely f.) in Ved. f. in later Skr.
heaven, the sky (regarded in Ved. as rising in three tiers … and generally as
the father (%{dyau4S} %{pitA4} , while the earth is the mother [cf.
%{dyAvA-pRthivI}] , and Ushas the daughter), rarely as a goddess, daughter of
Praja-pati … m. (rarely n.) day(esp. in pl. and in such forms as %{divA}
, by day (cf. s.v.) ; %{dya4vi-dyavi} , daily , every day ;
%{a4nu@dyU4n} , day by day , daily
Diné ʼabeʼ ʔabeʔ milk
Sanskrit abhi-
abhiduh to milk in
addition to TBr. ; Caus. P. to cause to milk in addition to
abhipac to boil up (as milk) Sus3r.
abhyavadugdha mfn. that
upon which milk has been milked
Diné kǫ' fire
Sanskrit ka
Tamil kocci, koLLi
Diné ʼázhi ʔáʒiʔ name
Tamil azai-ttal 02 1. to call, invoke, invite; 2. to
summon, direct to appear or to be brought; 3. to call by name; 4. to cry
out, utter a loud cry, shout (Tamil suffix -ttal indicates a verbal noun).
Sanskrit Shesha
Lord of Serpents, possible root to English item of clothing called a “sash,” as
is likely of Diné word sis for belt, “ʼsɪs.”
Diné shą́ą́ʼ, sháńdíín sun, sunshine
Sanskrit sura sun[xxxvii]
sUnu sun
surya “sun, God of the Sun”
dinakara mf(%{I})n. making day or light ; m. the sun
Diné jóhonaaʼéí
sun
Sanskrit jagannetra n. `\" world-eye \"\' , the moon ...
the sun and the moon
As an
aside, the Navajo/Diné word for “planet” is jóhonaaʼéí
yináádáłígíí, which means “one who is walking around the sun,” indicating
that the Navajo/Diné, at least at some juncture, knew that the planets move
around the sun.[xxxviii]
Diné Anasazi The term is Navajo in origin, and
means “ancient enemy.”[xxxix]
Sanskrit anuzaya m. close connection as with a consequence, close attachment
to any object; (in phil.) the consequence or result of an act (which clings to
it and causes the soul after enjoying the temporary freedom from transmigration
to enter other bodies); repentance, regret; hatred; ancient or intense
enmity …[xl]
Diné sahdii sədɪ solitary
sahdii; apart;
separate; different.
Sanskrit sadhu title given a class of often solitary renunciates
in Hinduism
sAdh 1 (connected with
2. %{sidh}) to go straight to any goal or aim, attain an object, to be
successful, succeed, prosper … to being straight to an object or end, further,
promote, advance, accomplish, complete, finish … set right, heal, cure … to
bring to an end or conclusion, complete, make perfect, bring about, accomplish,
effect, fulfil, execute, practice … with %{naiSkarmyam} \"\' , to
practise inactivity \"\' ; with %{marum} , `\" to practise
abstinence \"\' ; with %{mantram} , `\" to practise the recitation
of spells \"\'… to attain one\'s object , be successful …
sidh … ind. p. %{-si4dhya} AV.), to drive off,
scare away, repel, restrain … to ordain … to turn out well or
auspiciously ib.: Pass. %{sidhyate} (aor. %{asedhi}) , to be driven or kept
off or repelled
sidh,
sedhati, -te 1 drive off, scare away… {Asedhayati} cause to be
arrested. {vyA} keep off, prevent. {ud} drive aside. {ni} drive away,
keep off, hinder, prevent, forbid. C. ward off, keep back, interdict,
deny. {nis} drive away. {pra} A.M. drive on. {prati} drive away, ward
off, … C. ward off, keep back, refuse, forbid, deny.
siddha 1 mfn. driven off
, scared away
siddha 2 mfn. accomplished,
fulfilled, effected, gained, acquired MBh. Ragh. ; one who has attained his
object, successful BhP.; one who has attained the highest object,
thoroughly skilled or versed in (dat. or comp.) MBh. R. &c.; perfected,
become perfect, beatified, endowed with supernatural faculties (see 2.
%{siddhi}) ib.; sacred, holy, divine, illustrious … subdued , brought into
subjection (by magical powers) , subject or obedient to … peculiar ,
singular … invariable , unalterable Pat. ; m. a Siddha or semidivine
being of great purity and perfection and said to possess the eight supernatural
faculties … any inspired sage or prophet or seer (e.g. Vya1sa ,
Kapila &c.) ib. ; any holy personage or great saint (esp. one who has
attained to one of the states of beatitude …
siddhi 1 f. driving off,
putting aside
siddhi 2 f. (for 1. see p.
1215, col. 1) accomplishment, performance, fulfilment, complete attainment (of
any object), success … indisputable conclusion, result … maturing
… supreme felicity, bliss, beatitude, complete sanctification (by
penance &c.), final emancipation , perfection L. ; vanishing,
making one\'s self invisible … the acquisition of supernatural powers
by magical means or the supposed faculty
siddhi f. hitting or
reaching the aim, attainment of an object, performance, accomplishment,
conclusion, result; success, prosperity, welfare; perfection, supernatural
power.
The Dene of Canada revere Yamba
Deja as the creator of Dene Law.[xli]
Sanskrit Yama Deva “Yama God”
yama m.
a rein, curb, bridle RV. v, 61, 2; a driver, charioteer ib. viii, 103, to; the
act of checking or curbing, suppression, restraint (with %{vAcAm}, restraint of
words, silence) … self-control forbearance, any great moral rule or duty
(as opp. to %{niyama}, a minor observance … any rule or observance[xlii]
Yama is the Lord of Death and Hell and Judge of the Dead, and
presides over the heaven realm of the ancestor’s, the pitrah-loka.
Deva God
Yuma inya, “sun”[xliii]
Sanskrit ahnya n. daily course (of the sun)[xliv]
ina mfn. able, strong, energetic,
determined, bold; powerful, mighty; wild; glorious … the sun; the
lunar mansion[xlv]
ina a. strong, mighty, fierce; m. a great lord or king, the sun.[xlvi]
Inti Raymi, the Inca “Festival of the Sun”
Tamil intiran 1. the inner soul; 2. sun[xlvii]
Sanskrit ahnya n. daily course (of the sun)[xlviii]
ramya mf … n.
to be enjoyed, enjoyable, pleasing, delightful, beautiful[xlix]
Inca Mama Killa
Moon goddess
Sanskrit kil cl.
6. P. %{kilati} , to be or become white
Southeastern United States Native
American words for “cane”[l]
Choctaw Uski
Chickasaw Oski, Oskapi
Sanskrit aiSIka (or %{aiSika}) mfn. (fr. %{iSIkA}) , consisting
of stalks Ka1tyS3r. ; made of reeds or cane[li]
ISIkA f. a reed, cane[lii]
Biloxi axoki
Sanskrit ikSuka m.
sugar-cane[liii]
Shawnee msaskwalwi
Sanskrit maskara m.
a bamboo; a hollow bamboo cane[liv]
Muscogee kohvlowake
Sanskrit kokilekSu m.
the black variety of sugar-cane[lv]
Chitimacha Piya
Sanskrit piJja … f. hurting, injuring L.; turmeric L. ;
cotton L. ; a species of tree resembling the vinepalm L. ; a switch
…[lvi]
Choctaw koshak "cane"[lvii]
Sanskrit kozakRt m. a kind of sugar-cane[lviii]
Moccasin Powhatan makasin "shoe," from
Central Atlantic Coast Algonquian *mockasin, which is similar to Southern New
England Algonquian *makkusin, Munsee Delaware mahkusin, Ojibwa makizin.[lix]
Sanskrit mocaka mfn.
liberating, emancipating … one who has abandoned all worldly passions and
desires , an ascetic … n. a kind of shoe[lx]
mocika m. a
tanner or shoemaker (cf. Hind. %{mochI}) L.[lxi]
Lakota khóla friend
Tamil kEL 1. kindred, relations; 2. friendship; 3.
friend, companion; 4. husband
kELan friend, companion
kELvan 1. husband,
master, lord; 2. companion, comrade, friend
Choctaw Choctaw is an anglization of Chahta,
whose meaning is unknown.[lxii]
Sanskrit chaTA f.
a mass, lump, assemblage, number … a collection of rays, lustre
Shawnee The Shawnee
tribe name purportedly means “Southern People.”
Sanskrit savya mf(%{A})n. … opposite to left , right , right
hand (%{am} , %{ena} , and ibc. , `\" on the sight \"\') ; south
, southern (%{am} &c. , `\" to the south \"\') [“v” is
often rendered as “w”]
Mi'kmaq Nákúset/Nishkam “sun”
Sanskrit nakSatra n. … a star or any heavenly body; also
applied to the sun
Cambodian and Mayan
temples, plate photographed and reproduced with permission, from Chaman Lal’s
groundbreaking book Hindu America.[lxiii]
Maya people “In Hindu
mythology, Maya or Mayāsura was a great ancient king of the
asura, daitya and rākṣasa races. He was also the chief architect of the
people of the netherworld.”[lxiv]
Cajamarca cliff tombs in Peru[lxv]
and cliff tombs in Sulawesi, Indonesia[lxvi]
Various Names of “The
Great Spirit” and other gods of various North American Native Tribes with
likely Hindu/Sanskrit connections:
Cheyenne Maheo[lxvii]
Sanskrit Mahadeva “Great God”
Karibs Tamosi
(the Ancient One)[lxviii]
Sanskrit dAmoSNISa, “N. of an ancient sage”[lxix]
Shoshone Issa[lxx]
Sanskrit isa, “Lord”
Bribri, Cabecar tribes Sibú,
Sibo, Sib'ö, Cibu[lxxi]
Hindu Deva Shiva
Wiyot “Above Old Man”
Gudatrigawitl or Gurugudatrigakwitl[lxxii]
Sanskrit guru
m. any venerable or respectable person
(father, mother, or any relative older than one\'s self)[lxxiii]/“teacher”
added to Gudatrigawitl
gud[lxxiv]
(guD cl. 6. P. %{-Dati} , to guard ,
preserve; gud cl. %{godate}, to play,
sport[lxxv]
atri
(the “descendants of Atri,” one of the Seven Rishis) or . . .
Guru
Datta (ancient Guru associated with high places)
Wiyot gou’wil” “person/Indian”[lxxvi]
Sanskrit gA/ja (“born”) + vid
(“to exist”)
Blackfoot Apistotoke/Iihtsipaitapiiyo'pa[lxxvii]
Hindu Pasupati,
Shiva as Protector of Animals and Souls, depicted on the Indus Valley/Sarasvati
“Pasupati seal.”
prajApati (%{-jA-}) m. `\" lord of creatures
\"\'N. of Savitri, Soma, Agni, Indra … a divinity presiding over
procreation, protector of life … lord of creatures, creator … N. of a supreme
god above or among the Vedic deities … but in later times also applied to
Vishnu , Siva , Time personified , the sun , fire , &c. … N. of Brahma
Mojave Matevilya The
Mohave creator is Matevilya, who gave the people their names and
their commandments.[lxxviii]
Sanskrit mahAvIrya mfn.
of great strength or energy, very powerful, very potent, very efficacious … m.
yam L. ; N. of Brahma [the Creator][lxxix]
Choctaw deity "Hashtahli,"
"sun completing its cycle."
Sanskrit asta setting sun
li end.
Ojibwe, Algonquin,
Ottawa, Potawatomi, Menominee, Kickapoo, Sauk-Fox, Mohican, Mohegan, Shawnee,
Cree Indian names Kise Manito, Kici Manito, Kichi Manitou,
etc.[lxxx]
Hindu “Krishna’s Spirit.”
or
Sanskrit Kīśa (कीश).—mfn.(-śaḥ-śā-śaṃ) Naked.
m. (-śaḥ) 1. A monkey, an ape. 2. The sun. E. ka air, water,
&c. īśa who has power over[lxxxi]
Native American Manitou, etc. “spirit”
Sanskrit manyu m. (L. also f.) spirit, mind, mood, mettle (as of horses) … high
spirit or temper, ardour, zeal, passion . . .[lxxxii]
Lenape, Wampanoag,
Narragansett Kitanitowit (Cautantowwit) also spelled Kiehtan,
Keihtan, Kiehton, Kehtean, Keihtanit, Kehtanit, Kiehtan[lxxxiii]
. . .
Hindu Catan (Shasta)
Lenape Kishelamàkânk
Sanskrit Kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण) 1) Black, dark,
dark-blue.7) Viṣṇu in his eighth incarnation, born as the son of Vasudeva and
Devakī.[lxxxiv]
or
Kīśa
(कीश).—mfn.(-śaḥ-śā-śaṃ)
Naked. m. (-śaḥ) 1. A monkey, an ape. 2. The sun. E. ka air, water,
&c. īśa who has power over[lxxxv]
Lamaka m. a lover, gallant[lxxxvi]
kanha
name of Vishnu/Krishna that
means “dark” or “boy”[lxxxvii]
“The Lenape believe that,
before creation, there was nothing, an empty dark space. However, in this
emptiness, there existed a spirit of their creator, Kishelamàkânk.
Eventually in that emptiness, he fell asleep. While he slept, he dreamt of
the world as we know it today, the Earth with mountains, forests, and animals.”[lxxxviii]
Hindu Ananthasayanam is the Cosmic Dream sleep of
Vishnu/Krishna, whence Vishnu/Krishna dreams the universe into existence while
reclining upon the belly of Ananta Shesha.
Lenape The
Lenni Lenape believed the great spirit Kishelemukong, also called Kitanitowit,
created the world. One Lenape creation legend describes the earth as covered
with water. The land the Lenape occupied was formed when a large tortoise
raised its back out of the water and became land.[lxxxix]
Hindu World Turtle Kachhapa,[xc]
Kurma, Akūpāra, or sometimes Chukwa,[xci]
holds up the world.
Lenape World Turtle names
and words for turtle and matching Sanskrit words for turtle and other related
words:
Lenape Pacok[xcii]/tahkox
the turtle that rose from the primal waters/Lenape for turtle
Sanskrit paJcAGga n. 5 members or parts of the body … m. a
tortoise or turtle[xciii]
Lenape tulpe turtle, sea turtle[xciv]
Sanskrit duli f. a turtle[xcv]
dauleya m. a
turtle or tortoise[xcvi]
Tamil iTuli female turtle[xcvii]
Lenape xkuk snake[xcviii]
Sanskrit kaJcukin mfn. furnished with armour or mail … a
snake[xcix]
Lenape Achgook Snake[c]
Sanskrit kaJcukAlu m. a snake[ci]
kaJcukin mfn.
furnished with armour or mail … a snake[cii]
Lenape Mpi Water[ciii]
Sanskrit ambu n. water[civ]
ambhas n. (cf. %{abhra4} , %{a4mbu}) , water … the celestial
waters[cv]
Ambhasika mfn. living in water, aquatic[cvi]
Tamil ampi 02 1. small boat; 2. raft, float; 3. ship;
4. toddy; 5. suspended water-shovel
ampi 01 1. balingbasket; 2. rope used for drawing
water (TLS)
ampu 03* 1. water; 2.
sea; 3. world, as surrounded by water
Lenape Elangomat Friend
Langomuwinaxin Friendly Looking One
Sanskrit laghumitra n. a slight or weak friend, an ally of
little power or value
And yet more related
words and cognates . . .
Cherokee
"Hunter" god, sometimes called first man: Kanati.[cvii]
Sanskrit kSAnta “N. of a
man … of a hunter … of Siva …
f. `\" the patient one \"\', the
earth … n. patience, indulgence” [cviii]
Cherokee
Goddess of Corn, Selu, Kanati’s wife.[cix]
Sanskrit selu
means many/abundance, a term synonymous
with corn/grain.[cx]
Creek god called on for strength, Hayuya.[cxi]
Sanskrit ojAya "exhibiting strength"[cxii]
Creek Supreme God was Master of Breath.[cxiii]
Breath, pranayam, is the source of life-energy and is central in Yoga.
Creek E-sau-ge-tuh
E-mis see, (master of breath,)[cxiv]
/Hesaketvmese (meaning "master of breath" Hisakita imisi)[cxv]
(the root adjective “misi/mese” meaning “great” is a prefix/suffix that is
found in various modified forms globally, i.e., maha, maka, michi, giche, mega,
and “much”)
Sanskrit asu m. (later always pl.) vital spirit,
breath, life.[cxvi]
ghaTa suspending the
breath as a religious exercise[cxvii]
Creek màhē[cxviii]
(misi/imisi, etc) “very, joined to an adjective puts it in superlative degree,”[cxix]
“great”
Sanskrit maha 1 mfn. great , mighty , strong , abundant …[cxx]
Tamil makA 1. great, high, exalted, dignified, noble,
honourable; 2. immense, prodigious, stupendous, monstrous, extreme; 3.
superior, paramount, superlative; 4. intense[cxxi]
Blackfoot Moon
Goddess/Moon Ko'komiki'somma[cxxii]
Sanskrit Soma a name attributed to the moon
Cherokee Unequa,
Ouga Great Spirit
ᎤᏁᏆ
(unequa) God, Great Being, Great Spirit
Sanskrit eka mfn. (%{i} Un2. iii , 43 , probably fr. a
base %{e}; cf. Zd. {ae-va}; Gk. $, $ ; Goth. {ai-n-s}; … also Lat. {aequu-s} … (with
and without %{eva}) alone , solitary , single , happening only once , that one
only … RV. &c. ; the same , one and the same , identical … single of its
kind , unique , singular, chief, pre-eminent, excellent … sincere, truthful …
m. N. of a teacher … n. unity, a unit[cxxiii] The One, purusha and prakriti (Divine mind
and matter) as One. A name of Vishnu.[cxxiv] Root to the English word “equal.”
Cherokee Unelanuhi Cherokee
Sun Goddess "the one who lives above."[cxxv]
Hindu Uma Himavati. A hindu Goddess whose name is phonetically
similar and by definition is reasonably close to Unelanuhi, especially
considering other likely Cherokee cognates to Sanskrit words. “Uma is also known as Parvati, the wife of
Shiva. In her Uma/Parvati form, this feminine goddess represents light and
wisdom; as such, she is also known as ‘The Peace of Night’ and ‘The Bright
One.’” Uma is presented in the Kena
Upanishads as Brahman, “God,” in Female form.
Umā (उमा) is one of
the epithets of Durgā, according to the Kathāsaritsāgara, chapter 53.
Accordingly, as Vīravara praised Durgā: “... thou art the principle of life in
creatures; by thee this world moves. In the beginning of creation Śiva beheld
thee self-produced, blazing and illuminating the world with brightness hard to
behold, like ten million orbs of fiery suddenly produced infant suns rising
at once, filling the whole horizon with the circle of thy arms, bearing a
sword, a club, a bow, arrows and a spear.[cxxvi] One of Her names via the Lalitha Sahasranama
is Mithra rupini She who is of the form of Sun.[cxxvii]
Uma
Himavati (Daughter of the Mountains of Snow”) appears in the sky above
Indra in the Kena Upanishad as Agni (God of Fire), then Vayu (God of Wind) and
then Indra seek to know brahman (the Universal Divine).
Sanskrit Lahari (लहरि).—[feminine] wave, billow.[cxxviii]
Ānandalahari
(आनन्दलहरि) or Ānandalaharī
(आनन्दलहरी).—f. 'wave
of enjoyment', title of a small hymn by Śaṅkarāchārya addressed
to Pārvatī.[cxxix]
Cherokee name for
themselves is aniyunwiya, “Principal People” ani,
“people”; yunwiya, principle.
Sanskrit adi m.commencement,
beginning, firstling; loc.{Adau} in the beginning, first
or
Tamil aNi 1. embellishment, decoration; 2. beauty; 3.
ornament, jewel; 4. face; 5. greatness; 6. array of an army; 7. division of an
army; 8. goodness, pleasantness; 9. love; 10. order, regularity, row; 11.
rhetoric 12 figure of speech; 13. assembly, gathering
plus
Sanskrit yonitva n. the being an origin or source
Shasta tribe
and Mount Shasta of California
Hindu Deva
Aadi Maha Shasta and Buddhist use of “Shasta” to refer to the
Buddha.
Arikara Tribe
Tamil arikaran
* manifestation of god which combines both the forms of Visnu and Siva,
as worshipped in Tirupati[cxxx]
Another name for Hari-Hara, Parents of Shasta.
Cheyenne Éše'he.[cxxxi] Sun
Sanskrit asta setting sun[cxxxii]
and the direction to Asia from the Cheyenne lands.
asura mfn. spiritual, incorporeal, divine … m. a
spirit, good spirit , supreme spirit … an evil spirit, demon, ghost, opponent
of the gods … [these Asuras are often regarded as the children of Diti by
Kasyapa see %{daitya} ; as such they are demons of the first order in perpetual
hostility with the gods , and must not be confounded with the Rakshasas or imps
who animate dead bodies and disturb sacrifices] … the sun
Cheyenne Taa'é-eše'he[cxxxiii]
moon
Sanskrit taiSa a particular full moon[cxxxiv]
Shoshone called the “Snake People”
Sanskrit Shesha, Sesa, Śeṣa, Śeṣā, Sheshnag
Śeṣa
(शेष).—m. (-ṣaḥ) 1. The
king of the serpent race, as a large thousand-headed snake, at once the couch
and canopy of Vishnu, and the upholder of the world, which rests on one of his
heads. 2. A name of Baladeva.[cxxxv]
nI 3 mfn. leading, guiding, a leader or
guide[cxxxvi]
Shoshone words for snake[cxxxvii]
and possible Sanskrit roots/cognates[cxxxviii]
corresponding:
Shoshone dogoa (-i) n. rattlesnake (S,
SM); snake (T);
Sanskrit dhoDa m. a sort of snake (commonly Dhora)
Shoshone bazi nuyoa gartersnake (E)
Sanskrit busa naga
busa n.
(prob.) vapour , mist , fog … water
nAga
m. snake
Nāga
(नाग).—m. (-gaḥ) Naga or
demi-god so called, having a human face, with the tail of a serpent, and the
expanded neck of the Koluber Naga; the race of these beings is said to have
sprung from Kadru, the wife of Kasyapa, in order to people Patala or the
regions below the earth. 2. A serpent in general or especially the
spectacle snake, or cobra capella, (Coluber Naga.)
Shoshone basinuhyunwa
n. water snake (T; pasinunhyuwah); basunuwiyo n. water snake
Ba, ba’, baa, baa’ water
Sanskrit busa n. (prob.) vapour , mist , fog … water
ba- is
a prefix in many Sanskrit words that have the definition or are related to “water.”[cxxxix]
Ba
(ब).— 1) Name of Varuṇa.
2) Water. 3) A water-jar…
pA P. … to drink , quaff, suck, sip, swallow
(with acc., rarely gen.) RV. &c. &c. ; (met.) to imbibe, draw in,
appropriate, enjoy, feast upon (with the eyes, ears &c … to drink up,
exhaust, absorb … to cause to drink, give to drink, water (horses or cattle)
nAga m. a snake
Tamil naicci 1. a kind of snake
nAkai snake (TLS)
nAkam 1.
cobra.; 2. serpent;
vyAla a. mischievous, malicious. m. a malicious
elephant, beast of prey, snake
Shoshone gokoN, bullsnake (C, M);
Tamil kOnacam a kind of snake
Shoshone suuiyo, bull snake (SGE); suih'yu
n. bull snake (T), Sh has: suuiyo (SGE; suiqhyu
Sanskrit sthUlAsya m. `\" large-mouthed \"\' , a
snake L.
surA f. … `\" a god \"\') spirituous
liquor … water Naigh. i, 12; a drinking vessel L.; a snake
Shoshone kayakata kingsnake, milk snake
Sanskrit kaJcukAlu m. a snake
Shoshone kekkate bite (like snake)
Sanskrit kacAku mfn. ill-disposed, wicked L.; difficult to be borne,
intolerable, difficult to be approached L.; (%{us}) m. a snake L.
Shoshone kwayingkün shed skin (e.g., of a snake) vt
& cognate obj v Panamint
Tamil kajncukam 02 1. tunic, jacket; 2. slough, excoriated
skin of a snake
Sanskrit kaJcuka %{as} , %{I} (ifc. f. %{A}) , %{am} mf. n. (fr. %{kaJc}?) a
dress fitting close to the upper part of the body , armour , mail ; a cuirass ,
corselet , bodice , jacket … m. the skin of a snake Pan5cat. ; husk ,
shell
Shoshone neekkwittamponaH to be coiled (e.g. a snake, hair, etc)
Tamil maNTalampOTu-tal 1. to form in to circles or coils, as a
snake
Shoshone pa-tokoa water snake; pa-tokoa
water snake, bull snake
dhoDa
m. a sort of snake (commonly Dhora)
Hindu Sheshnag/Sheshanaga,
Vishnu’s Naga (serpent) couch
Sanskrit Śeṣa (शेष).—(ĀDIŚEṢA).
Ananta. (i) Ananta is the reposing bed
of Vishnu.
ha 2 (only L.) m. a form of Siva or
Bhairava … water
naga A mountain … A snake in general,
particularly the cobra … A fabulous serpent demon or semi-divine being, having
the face of a man and the tail of a serpent, and said to inhabit the
Pātāla.[cxl] Nagas are associated with the underground,
caves, wells, and water generally. In
parts of Asia Nagas are considered the “patrons of water.”
Assorted tribe names and other Native American Indian words
that are cognate to else related to Sanskrit and Tamil:
Gangawese Tribe
(North Branch)
Catawissa, a borough in Columbia County that sits upon the banks of the
Susquehanna, derives its name from the Indigenous word “Catawese.” Authorities
differ as to the nationality of the aboriginal tribe which made their home in
the area. Redmond Conyngham, a prominent settler in the area at the time (and
after whom Conyngham Township is named) stated that “The Piscatawese, or Gangawese,
or Conoys had a wigwam…at Catawese, now Catawissa.” Stewart Pearce, another
renowned area historian of that time, asserts that the Shawanese tribe
established a village at Catawissa in 1697, or about that time. Regardless, the
word “Catawese” occurs in several different indigenous dialects, including the
Shawanese and Delawares, and always with the same meaning: “pure water.”[cxli]
Sanskrit Gaṅgā (गङ्गा) … The river Ganges, the most sacred river
in India[cxlii]
Crow Tribe Apsáalooke
Tribe
Tamil appirakiruTTa
m.
crow
Sanskrit aprakRSTa m. a crow
Muisca Deities (Columbian tribe)
Muisca Bachué “the mother of the Muisca people. It was said
that a beautiful woman with a baby came out of Lake Iguaque [11,740 ft.
elevation]. Bachué sat down at the bank of the lake and waited for the child to
grow up. When he was old enough, they married and had many children, who were
the Muisca.”[cxliii]
Hindu Vāc/Vāk Name
of Mahāsarasvatī that means “speech,” Goddess of the Vāc Suktam of the Rig
Veda, the oldest known hymn about the Mother Goddess: “On the world's summit I bring forth the
Father: my home is in the waters, in the ocean. Thence I extend o’er all existing creatures,
and touch even yonder heaven with my forehead.” (Rig Veda Mandala 10, Hymn 125,
Verse 7)[cxliv]
vAcA f. speech, word; the goddess of speech.
Muisca Chiminigagua “Chiminigagua was a universally good god
and represented the only light that existed when it was night time. When the
world was created there was only darkness and the only light was given by
Chiminigagua.”[cxlv]
Hindu Hiraṇyagarbha Ancient name of Brahma, the Creator, Consort
to Sarasvati, and also a name of Krishna.
“The Hiraṇyagarbha Sūkta of the Rigveda
declares that God manifested Himself in the beginning as the Creator of the
Universe, encompassing all things, including everything within Himself, the
collective totality, as it were, of the whole of creation, animating it as the
Supreme Intelligence.[7] In the Rigveda (RV 10.121) it is also mentioned that
at the creation of the world the cosmic egg was separated in to two halves, one
part became the sky and the other the sun.[8]”[cxlvi]
Muisca Suéá the Sun god[cxlvii]
Hindu Surya the Sun god
Muisca Chía the Moon goddess[cxlviii]
Sanskrit ca mfn. pure L. ; moving to and fro L. ; mischievous L. ;
seedless L. ; m. a thief. L. ; the moon L.
candra shining, glittering, brilliant, bright. — m. the
moon (often personified), moon[cxlix]
Guarani Nandeva A tribe in Paraguay
Sanskrit nanyadeva “Beloved of God”
nandideva m. a man\'s name.
Tupi-Guarani Parakanã Tribe in Brazil whose name means “the one from the other side”[cl]
Sanskrit pArakAma mfn. desirous of reaching the opposite bank[cli]
Cocopa nyayáám right (correct) "that's
right" (Cocopa is a Yuman language)
Sanskrit nyAyatas ind. in a fitting manner, as is fit or proper, according to
right or justice
nyAya m. norm, standard (lit. that to which a thing
goes back); rule, axiom, method; manner, way, esp. the right way, fitness,
propriety; law-suit, judicial sentence, judgment; logical argument, syllogism,
N. of a phil. system. --Instr. & abl. in the right way, regularly, duly
(also ---); in the way or after the manner of (---).
Quechua/Inca “Anqash is the
word for blue, and it is thought that the name refers to the region's blue
skies.”[clii]
Sanskrit
AkAza m. n. free or open space, sky;
esp. the atmosphere or sky as the fifth element. {-ze} behind the scene or
into the air (d.).[cliii]
Paraguayan Guaraní words[cliv]
corresponding to Sanskrit and Tamil words[clv]:
Paraguayan karumbe ‘tortoise’
Hindu Kurma turtle Avatar of Vishnu
Paraguayan óga/róga/hóga ‘house’
Sanskrit oka s. home, house.
Paraguayan Tapy
burn
Sanskrit tap, tapati ({-te}), pp. {tapta3} (q.v.) be warm or hot,
burn
tapasya a. produced by heat
Paraguayan narã orange (borrowed from Spanish Naranja, which clearly
originates from the
Sanskrit or Tamil)
Sanskrit nAraGga m., {I} f. the orange tree.
Tamil narantai bitter orange (TLS)
narantam 02 bitter orange
nArattai 1. orange, citrus aurantium; 2.
seville orange.; 3. loose-skinned orange
Paraguayan pakova ‘banana’
Tamil paccaivAzai dwarf banana, m. sh., musa chinensis
paccainATAn green banana
Paraguayan apysa ‘hearing’
Sanskrit ApA 1. P. %{-pibati} , (Impv. 2. du. %{A4pibatam} RV. ii, 36, 6; pf.
%{-papau}: Pass. %{-pIyate}, &c.) to drink in, suck in or up; to sip RV.
MBh. Ragh.; to drink in with ears or eyes i.e. to hear or see with
attention, hang on
Paraguayan uvã ‘thigh’
Sanskrit Urva 1 (for 2. see s.v.) , %{as} m. N. of the R2ishi Aurva (from
whose thigh sprang the submarine fire which is also called Aurva , q.v.)
Ta1n2d2yaBr. MBh. Hariv. &c. ; the submarine fire [Sa1y.] RV.
UrvaGga n. `\" having a thigh-like body
\"\' , fungus , mushroom L.
Urvastha n. thigh-bone S3Br. viii ; %{-mAtra4}
mf(%{I})n. reaching to the thigh-bone ib.
Urvastha n. thigh-bone.
UrvaSThIva n. sg. (Pa1n2. 5-4 , 77) , %{e4} n. du. (VS.
xviii , 23) , %{A4ni} n. pl. (S3Br. viii) thigh and knee.
UrvI f.
the middle of the thigh Sus3r. [221,3]
Paraguayan hetũha ‘smell’
Sanskrit hetu m. `\" impulse \"\', motive, cause, cause of, reason
for … `\" caused or effected or actuated or attracted or impelled by
\"\ ... %{mAMsa-hetu} , `\" attracted by [the smell of] flesh
\"\'
(with Pāśupatas) The
external world and senses
Paraguayan machu
‘grandmother’
Tamil ammAcci maternal grandmother
Paraguayan sy ‘mother’
Sanskrit Sya m. a partic. mixed caste (the son of a Kshtriya and a Vais3ya1 mother
whose business is attendance on cattle)
Paraguayan taita ‘father’
Sanskrit tata 1 m. father; voc. also=my son.
tAta m. father; voc. also i.g. reverend, dear.
tAtagu mfn. agreeable to a father L. ; m. a paternal
uncle L. grandfather
Tamil tAtA 01 1. father; 2. great man
tAtai 02 1. father; 2. Grandfather
Paraguayan tajýra/rajý/itajýra ‘a man’s daughter’
Sanskrit girija a. mountain-born, f. {A} the mountain-daughter (Parvati)
Paraguayan pira ‘fish’
Sanskrit bhIru mf(%{U8})n. fearful, timid, cowardly, afraid of … m. a jackal L.
(cf. %{pheru}) ; a tiger L.; various kinds of fish
Paraguayan vaka ‘cow’
(likely from Spanish, the which is likely related to the Tamil)
Tamil vacai 03 1. sterile cow; 2. cow; 3. female elephant
Paraguayan ára ‘day’
Tamil aRRai on that day; of that day; 2. Daily
Sanskrit ara mfn. ( %{R}) , swift , speedy … m. the spoke or radius of a
wheel … a spoke of the timewheel; ara A spoke of the time-wheel; a Jaina division
of time.
Paraguayan kosina ‘kitchen’ (likely from the
Spanish, which is likely from the Tamil)
Tamil kucini 02 1. cookroom, kitchen, gallery
Paraguayan kyse ‘knife’
Sanskrit kSadman %{a} n. a carving knife … (pieces of) food (cut off
or carved)
kSaTnan n. carving knife.
kSura m. (fr. %{kSNu}? ; cf. Gk. $) a
&102724[331 ,3] razor RV. i , 166 , 10 ; viii , 4 , 16 ; x , 28 , 9 AV.
S3Br. &c. ; a razor-like barb or sharp blade attached to an arrow R.
iii , 72 , 14 (cf. %{-pra}) ; Asteracantha longifolia L. ; = %{-pattra} L. ; a
thorny variety of Gardenia or Randia L. ; Trilobus lanuginosus L. ; (for
%{khura}) the hoof of a cow W. ; (for %{khura}) a horse\'s hoof W. ; (for %{khura})
the foot of a bedstead L. ; (%{I}) f. a knife , dagger (cf. %{churI}) L.
; (mfn.) = %{kSura-vat} , `\" having claws or hoofs \"\' Sa1y. on RV.
x , 28 , 9.
kSura m. knife, esp. razor.
kSuraka m. N. of a plant; f. {kSurikA} knife, dagger.
Paraguayan tata ‘fire’
Tamil taTTai 1. flatness; 2. winnowing fan; 3. small
ear-ornament like a tack, worn in the upper helix; 4. stalk, stubble; 5. spiny
bamboo; 6. a mechanism made of split bamboo for scaring away parrots from grain
fields; 7. sling; 8. a kind of drum; 9. baldness; 10. fool, empty-headed
person; 11. Fire
Sanskrit dhA, dadhAti, dhatte; dadhati,
-te 1 ({dhAti, dhAyate}), pp. [[-,]]
{hita3} (q.v.) & {dhita} (only ---) put, set, lay; put upon, bring to,
direct … {adhi} A. set upon (esp. the fire); bestow on (dat. or
loc.), grant, impart; M. acquire, get, exhibit. … {anvA} put on (esp. wood),
i.e. set up or kindle (the fire). …
put on (wood), set up or kindle (fire … w. {adhastAt} under; put on the
fire
Paraguayan tayhu
‘love’
Tamil tayavu 1. grace; mercy; compassion; 2. love, favour,
passion; 3. piety
Paraguayan téra ‘name’
Sanskrit tAra a. all-pervading, esp. of a sound, i.e. loud, high, shrill; or of
light, i.e. shining, radiant. -- m. passing over, crossing (only ---); saver,
deliverer (E. of sev. gods), a clear or beautiful pearl, a man\'s name
tAraka (f. {-rikA}) carrying over,
rescuing; m. N. of a demon, pl. the children of T.; f. {tA3rakA} star (also
n.), meteor, pupil of the eye, a woman\'s name
And
below, a list of cognates or nigh cognates between Sanskrit/Asian Indian
languages and the Quechua language of Peru from Hindu America, composed
by Chaman Lal, with permissions graciously granted by V.V.R. Institute, Sadhu
Ashram, Hoshiarpur (Punjab India),[clvi]
and some other similarly related terms from Stephen Knapp’s Proof of Vedic
Culture’s Global Existence[clvii]
and some found comparing other sources.[clviii]
[clix]
QUICHUA SANSKRIT
akapana
(clouds colored by the sun) aka
(painting)
anak
(cruel) nac
(to kill)
challa
(shuck, the covering of an ear of corn) k'alla (outer covering)
chani
(price) jani
(produce)
chinkat
(jaguar) sinha
(lion)
chirau
(resplendent) sura
(to shine)
chiru
(side) c'iru
(shoulder)
chupe
(soup) supa
(sauce. Eng. soup)
hina
(also) ena
(also)
hina
(employment) ina
(master)
huakra
(horn) vakra
(curved)
huanaku
(native wild sheep of the Andes) vanuku
(antelope)
huayakka
(wallet) vayakka
(packet)
hukkau
(a woman's sash) uk
(to adorn)
kakarpa
(tent) k'arpara
(parasol)
kaukay
(repose) oka
(repose)
killa
(moon) kil
(white, shining)
kukulla
(sucking babe) k'ulla
(little)
llakka
(slender) lagu
(slender)
llapi
(chant) lap
(speak)
llimpi
(paint) limpami
(ointment)
mita (time) mita
(step, passage of
time)
mukkani
(to emit a disagreeable odor) muc
(to emit)
muti
(pounded corn) mut
(to pound)
nana
(sister) nanda
(sister)
pakkini
(to break) pike'
(to break)
paksha
(the moon) paksa
(the full moon)
pakta
(precaution) pac
(to take precaution)
pirhua
(granary) pura
(granary)
pututa
(sea shell used as trumpet) puta
(shell)
rattani
(to yoke) rata
(coupling together,
sexual union)
reksini
(to know by sight) raks'
(to see)
sacha
(tree) sac'c'a
(pronounced
sacha—tree)
simi
(mouth) simi
(smile)
chakra (field) chakra (circular area)
wasi (house) vasi
(dwelling or abode)
kuta (cut or grind,
flour) cuT
(to split, cut off)
kuTTa (grinding)
mucha (kiss) mukha
(mouth)
acharina (belief) AcArin
(following
established practice)
ananay (beautiful;
irresistible) Ananda
(joy, delight,
pleasure, beatitude)
anqash (blue, refers to region's blue skies) AkAza (free or open
space, sky)
callana (earthenware cook
pot) caluka (a small
pot)
kalazi (a water-pot , jar)
cocha (lake) kacchAnta (the border
of a lake or stream)
valluna (cut) vilUna (mfn. cut off ,
severed)
manu (man, mankind) [clx] manu (man, also
root to
Eng. Man)
kallpa (strength, force, power, might)[clxi] kalpa (Kalpa (कल्प) 1)
Practicable,
feasible,
possible,
2) Proper, fit,
right.
3) Strong,
vigorous[clxii])
raju (snowy mountain) rajata
mfn. (cf. 2. %{Rjra}) whitish , silver-coloured , silvery … whitish gold, i.e.
silver) … silver , made of … silver … gold; a pearl ornament; ivory; blood; an
asterism; N. of a mountain and of a lake; rajatAcala m. silver-mountain, N. of
Kailasa rajatAdri m. silver-mountain N.
of Kailasa; rAjatAdri m. silver-mountain
N. of Kailasa;[clxiii]
And from a list of hundreds of Tamil
words related or cognate to Akawaio published as “List of Tamil words in
Akawaio language,” a native tongue spoken in Guyana, Brazil and Argentine,
compiled by Annadurai Variankavalramasamy[clxiv]
with a few other definitions included by the author:
Akawaio Tamil
Aiai
mother/ grandmother aayaa/aayee mother / grandmother
Amai
mother /grandmother amma mother
(A)kutu cut kaathu cut
(A)manka soak munkka soak
(A)pirinta cause to fly paranthida cause to fly
Are
food irai food
Auroka/auroko tell /speak uraikka tell /speak
Ekwatu
gather koottu gather
Ena
to become as one onnaa
aana/onnu one; Sanskrit
eka one of … alone, sole
(E)nanuku to make wet nanaikka to make wet
Epaka
go out poaka to go
Eriku
to die erakka to die
Erisi
rice arisi rice
Esaku
say asaikka say
Eteka
to reach adaika to reach
Eti
break udai break
(E)tokwa lose
to a winner in a game thoakka lose to a winner in a
game
Eturu
given by oneself thara give
Eweiti
shine wodi
shine/vIti sun's path,
light/Sanskrit
vIti light, lustre[clxv]
Inai
true unmai true
Ka
heaven koa
heaven/kO Cow, Heaven/
kA pleasure grove
Kara
to tear keeru
to tear
Karimura sheep kori mari; kori-
sheep;
mari- sheep / ram
Karoi
pepper kari pepper
Kasuka
squeeze kasakku squeeze
Kotaoi
a variety of tree kattai
wood/timber
Koru
gold karu gold
Pata
settlement patti village
Piriku make more/enlarge/increase perukku make more, etc.;
peruke fully, abundantly
Pura
surface puram surface
Puta
foot paatham foot; Sanskrit pad/pada foot
Pun
flesh punn flesh
Kaware
horse koawaeri mule; kurai- horse.
(A)pirika pluck feathers parikka
pluck; parugku-tal to pluck, as
fruit; to tear off
Muru
a variety of tree maram/
tree
Enu(m)inka think ennuka think
Suwita
make someone blush siwanthida
blushing/to become
red; Sanskrit smi, smayate,
-ti {smita} (q.v.) smile, blush[clxvi]
[i] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'),
https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-santam/php/index.html.
[ii] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom
Library Peace-Love-Dharma, Search the Database: Glossary,
https://www.wisdomlib.org/index.php.
[iii] “Mvskoke Word List Y,” Muscogee Nation, Muscogee
(Creek) Nation 2016, accessed August 1, 2022,
https://www.muscogeenation.com/word-list-y/.
[iv] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams'
'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “yama,” accessed August 1, 2022, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-santam/php/index.html.
“Vocabulary Words in the Iroquoian Language Family,”
Native Languages of the Americas, accessed February 26, 2024,
https://www.native-languages.org/famiro_words.htm.
[vi] “Aztecs,”
Wikipedia, last edited August 31, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs.
[vii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “astika.”
[viii] Ibid., s.v. “ki,” accessed March 1, 2021.
[x] “Vocabulary in Native
American Languages: Hopi Words,” Native Languages
of the Americas, accessed March 10, 2024, https://www.native-languages.org/hopi_words.htm.
[xi] Wisdom Library Search the
Database: Glossary, Wisdom Library Peace-Love-Dharma, s.v. “tavanan,” accessed March
17, 2024, https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/tavanan.
[xii] “Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Hopi
Words.”
[xiii]
Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “moon.”
[xiv] “Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Hopi
Words.”
[xv] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “water,”
accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-santam/php/index.html.
[xvi] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “anu.”
[xvii] Ibid.
[xviii] Glosbe Dictionary, translate English to Hopi, s.v.
“dog,” accessed March 17, 2024, https://glosbe.com/en/hop/dog.
[xix] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “dog.”
[xx] Glosbe Dictionary, translate
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[xxiii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[xxiv] Wiktionary The Free Dictionary, s.v. “patupha,” last
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[xxv] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[xxvi] Glosbe, s.v. “Hopi word fire”, accessed June 30,
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[xxvii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[xxviii] “Diné Bizaad,” Black Mesa Indigenous Support,
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[xxxi] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[xxxii] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom
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[xxxiii] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom
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[xxxiv] CEPHAS, photographer Gilles Ayotte, “Zea Mays,”
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[xl] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[xli] “Nahanni National Park Reserve,” Parks Canada,
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[xlii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[xliii] “Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Quechan
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[xliv] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[xlv] Ibid.
[xlvi] Ibid.
[xlvii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. prefix “inti.”
[xlviii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “sun.”
[xlix] Ibid, s.v. “ramya.”
[l] “Fascinating Post!” DeSoto State Park~Fort Payne,
Alabama, Facebook post, January 13, 2023,
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[li] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[lii] Ibid.
[liii] Ibid.
[liv] Ibid.
[lv] Ibid.
[lvi] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “pijja.”
[lvii] “List of Alabama placenames of Native American
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[lviii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[lix] “moccasin,” Online Etymological Dictionary, last
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[lx] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[lxi] Ibid.
[lxii] “Choctaw,” Wikipedia, last edited September 12, 2023,
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[lxiii] Chaman Lal, Hindu America (Hoshiapur, India: V.V.
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[lxiv] “Mayasura,” Religion Wiki, accessed June 28, 2021,
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[lxv] Wikiperuvian, “Sitio arqueológico de las Ventanillas
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[lxvi] sheing tjioe, “Lemo - a cliff burial site with body
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[lxvii] “Native American Legends: Maheo,” Native Languages of
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[lxviii] “Native
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[lxix] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[lxx] “Native American Legends: Esa (Issa, Ysa, Pia'isa),”
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[lxxi] “Native American Legends: Sibu (Sibo),” Native
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[lxxii] “Native American Legends:
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[lxxiii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[lxxiv] Gurudev, “The Complete List of Dhatus – Sanskrit Root
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[lxxv] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[lxxvi] “Words with the "g" sound,” Wiyot Tribal
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[lxxx] “Native American Legends:
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[lxxxi] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[lxxxiii] “Native American Legends: Kitanitowit
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[lxxxiv] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom
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[lxxxv] Ibid., s.v. “kisa,” ,
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[lxxxvi] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[lxxxvii] Wisdom Library Search the Database:
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[lxxxix]Laura Leddy Turner, “Religion & Beliefs of the
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[xc] “Weight of the World,” Smithsonian Ocean, accessed
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[xci] “World Turtle,” Wikipedia, last edited July 19, 2023,
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[xcii] John Norwood, “The Turtle of the Nanticoke Lenni
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[xciii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[xciv] Jim Rementer, “LENAPE NAMES OF REPTILES AND
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[xcv] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “turtle.”
[xcvi] Ibid.
[xcvii] Ibid.
[xcviii] Jim Rementer, “LENAPE NAMES OF REPTILES AND
AMPHIBIANS.”
[xcix] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “snake,” accessed
September 17, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-santam/php/index.html.
[c] Jim Rementer, “LENAPE NAMES OF REPTILES AND
AMPHIBIANS.”
[ci] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “snake.”
[cii] Ibid.
[ciii] Jim Rementer, “Lenape Names for Other Terms for
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[civ] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[cv] Ibid.
[cvi] Ibid.
[cvii] “Native American Legends:
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[cviii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[cix] “Native American Legends:
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[cx] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[cxi] “Native American Legends: Hayuya,” Native Languages
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[cxii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[cxiii] “Creek Mythology,” Wikipedia, last edited July 12,
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[cxiv] Bill Grantham, Creation Myths and Legends of the
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[cxv] “Creek Mythology,” Wikipedia, last edited September
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[cxvi] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[cxvii] Ibid.
[cxviii] Robert McGill Loughridge, David M. Hodge, English
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[cxix] Ibid.
[cxx] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams'
'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “great,” accessed September 17, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-santam/php/index.html.
[cxxi] Ibid.
[cxxii] “Blackfeet Indian Legends, Myths, and Stories,” Native
Languages of the Americas, accessed February 23, 2023, http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot-legends.htm.
[cxxiii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[cxxiv] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom
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[cxxv] “Cherokee Mythology,” Wikipedia, last edited December
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[cxxvi]
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[cxxvii] “Sri Lalitha Sahasranama-1000 Names of Lalitha Devi
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[cxxviii] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom
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[cxxix] Ibid.
[cxxx] Cologne
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s.v. prefix “arikara,” accessed September 17, 2023, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-santam/php/index.html.
[cxxxi] “Vocabulary in Native American
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[cxxxii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-santam/php/index.html.
[cxxxiii] “Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Cheyenne
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[cxxxiv] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[cxxxvi] Cologne
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[cxxxvii] David Leedom Shaul, Eastern Shoshone Working
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[cxxxviii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[cxxxix] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[cxl] Wisdom Library Search the
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[cxlii] Wisdom Library Search the Database: Glossary, Wisdom
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[cxliii] “Muisca,” Wikipedia, last edited March 5, 2024,
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[cxliv] “Rig Veda, HYMN CXXV. Vāk,,” Sacred Texts, tr. by
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[cxlv] “Chiminigagua,” Wikipedia, last edited April 4, 2023,
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[cxlvi] “Hiranyagarbha,” Wikipedia, last edited December 2,
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[cxlvii] Becky Johnson, “The Muisca: Colombia's Lost People,”
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[cxlviii] Ibid.
[cxlix] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[cl] Fausto, Carlos. “The Friend, the Enemy, and the
Anthropologist: Hostility and Hospitality among the Parakanã (Amazonia,
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[cli] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
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[clii] “Quechua,” Wikipedia Simple English, last edited
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[cliii] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from
Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'), s.v. “sky.”
[cliv] “Appendix: Paraguayan Guaraní basic vocabulary,”
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[clv] Cologne
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[clvi] Chaman Lal, Hindu America, pp. ?????????????
[clvii] Stephen Knapp, Proof of Vedic Culture’s Global
Existence (Detroit: The World Relief Network, 2000), 262-263.
[clviii] Nina Kinti-Moss, Nematni Baltazar and Masaquiza
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[clix] Cologne Digital Sanskrit
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[clx] Miguel Angel Gongora Meza, “Manu National Park Peru
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