LIST OF ENGLISH WORDS DERIVED FROM OR CLOSELY RELATED TO SANSKRIT
AND OTHER INDIAN WORDS
(From the soon to be published book To Be or Not To Be: brahman or Abrahman /
The World Turned Upside-Down, by Jeffrey Charles Archer)
English Sanskrit English Sanskrit English Sanskrit
sister svasR brother bhrAtR mother mAta, mAtR
father pitR daughter duhitr son,
sun sUnu
car car,
carya cut cuT bath bad
bad badh cow go, gau shampoo sampU
same sama symmetry samma three tri
penta panch seven sapta eight ashta
deca dasha sugar sharkara pepper pippala
orange naaranga rice vrihi grass ghaasa
jungle jangala serpent sarpa cheetah chitra
languor laangulam mouse muusha panther pandara
cough kapha vomit vama voice vachas
dental danta mouth mukha heart hrit, hRdaya
nose naasa sinews snaayu smile smi
man manu mind man ignited agni
create kri myth mithyA new nava
ascetic asyati path patha monk muni
saint sant serve, service Sevaa gene,
genesis jan (born)
stay sthA name naama door dvaawara
mix mishra mortuary mRta, mRtyu that tat
vehicle vAhika opal upala committee samiti
widow vidhavaa cot kaTa ass āsa
attic aṭṭaka bumble bee bambhara char cūr
cruel krūra dumb ḍimbha estate astatāti
genuine jenya hunter hantṛ cook kuka
litter lita little liṭya look lok
mad mad mass masa meet mith
money maṇi omen oman overlook avalok
owl ālu pence paṇasa posh poṣa
press preṣ proud prauḍha rite rīti
sad sāda saint sant scale sakala
shallow śarāva shock śoka Sir sūri
smart samartha spy spaś stale sthAlika
swear svṛ jump jhampa urge ūrj
use yuj wax vakṣ win van
wish vaś toll tul toss tas
union yūni urgent ūrjita vest, vesture veST, vastra
wage vāja wagon vahana wed vid
varnish varṇ zebra sabara fever jvar
entrails antral snake Sheshnag herpes serpes
gland granthi drip, drop(s) drups meter/-metry mAtR
hiccups hicca muscle mausal malign mallen
hooray hari amen aum idea vidya
is As two dva dinghy din.gi
shaman shramaNa call, calling kal ambient amb
cackle kakh fart, pardon pard to
pound puND
rap (talk) rap lick lih dam dam
soot sutee pretty “fairly” prati rumble ramb
want vanta bond bandha domicile dama
divine divya nasty naSTi navy/naval nAva
far para parallel parA care karuNa
lexicon lekhaka run raMh surge sRj
hunter hantR will vR six SaS
duality dvaita care karuna knowledge jnana
calendar kal over ava God goda (“giving cows”)
capital kapAla decimal daśama decade daśaka
right Rta unrighteous anRta is asti
shrivel sriv homage homa stand sthAna
virulent vir meridian Mount Meru horizon harija
vocal voc/vac location loka idea vidyA
antara interior wander vihR ambrosia amrita
soup sUpa me mA corner koNa
swan svan axle akSa proper prapta
holiday holi holy holi sacred sakratu
nanny nanA careen cArin day dyu
new nu, nU still sthal regal,
royal raja, Arya
some sama putrid pUta much maha
warn varn Sal (Tamil) shawl
trigonometry trikoNamiti
hydrocephalus ardra-kapaalaa
osteomalacia ashti-malashay (contamination of the bones)
dyspepsia dush-pachanashay
(bad digestion)
surgeon salya-jan
(one who yields a sharp instrument)
fertility falati-Iti
(one who yields fruit)
anesthesia anashtashayee
(one lying in improper state)
homeopathy sameo-pathy
(treatment parallel to symptoms)
allopathy alag-pathy
(treatment different from symptoms)
mortal marta m. a mortal, man.
martya mfn. who or what must die, mortal Br. Kaus3. ; m. a mortal , man ,
person … ; the world of mortals , the earth … f. dying , death (see
%{putra-martyA}) ; n. that which is mortal , the body
home Old English ham "dwelling
place, house, abode, fixed residence; estate; village; region, country,"
from Proto-Germanic *haimaz "home" (source also of Old Frisian hem
"home, village," Old Norse heimr "residence, world," heima
"home," Danish hjem, Middle Dutch heem, German heim "home
Sanskrit harmya n. stronghold, castle, mansion, palace,
house, home.
virile viRal [Tamil] 01 1. victory; 2. bravery; 3. strength; 4. greatness; 5. distinctive
excellence; 6. physical expression of emotion
bear
(verb) bhR … to bear, carry, convey … to wear
i.e. let grow (hair, beard, nails) … to balance, hold in equipoise (as a pair
of scales) … to bear i.e. contain, possess, have, keep (also `\" keep in
mind \"\') … to support, maintain, cherish, foster … to hire, pay … to
carry off or along
yolk yoga,
yuga (i.e., English “yolk the oxen”)
water vasu,
vRSa, var (possibly via German Wasser)
hair har-/hir-/hR-
(as prefix)
direction diśā, dik,
deSTra
gravity, grab, graha
(seizing, laying hold of, holding)
grasp
divide dvidhA (%{dvi4-}) ind. in 2 ways or parts , twofold , … n. the dividing
into 2 , making twofold
dvaidha mf(%{I}) n. … twofold , … n. a twofold form or state ,
duality , duplicity, division
dvaita n. (fr. 1. %{dvi-tA}) duality , duplicity ,
dualism … doubt
saliva srava m. stream or gush of, adj. flowing with, out-pouring
go ga mf … going , moving … going in a carriage … going quickly
gA … to go, go towards, come, approach … to
go after, pursue
little liTya Nom. P. %{liTyati} , `\" to be little
\"\' or , `\" to think little of.
not, no neti, na
distance diSTa,
diSTi
cave kevaTa m. a cave, hollow … kevaTa m. cave, pit;
Tamil kevi 1. depth, deep valley;
2. cave, cavern
valley vala 1 m. `\" enclosure \"\', a cave, cavern
knowledge jñāna
(possibly via the Greek gnosis)
sandhi [English grammar] modification of
the sound of a morpheme (such as a word or affix) conditioned by syntactic
context in which it is uttered (such as pronunciation of -ed as \d\ in glazed
and as \t\ in paced or occurrence of a in a cow and of an in an old cow)
Sandhi
(Sanskrit: सन्धि sandhi [sɐndʱi],
"joining") is a cover term for a wide variety of sound changes that
occur at morpheme or word boundaries. Examples include fusion of sounds across
word boundaries and the alteration of one sound depending on nearby sounds or
the grammatical function of the adjacent words.
night/ nakta 1 n. night … ind. by night (often opp. to %{divA}) …
Lat. {nox} ; Lith.
nocturnal
{naktis} ; Slav. &162101[524
,1] {nos8ti} ; Goth. {nahts} ; Angl. Sax. {neaht} , {niht} , Engl. {night}
, Germ. {Nacht}.]
summer samA f. half-year, season, year.
anti- anti adv.
opposite, in front, before, near.
anterior anti adv. opposite, in front, before, near.
As prep. = near, toward, to
antique anti 1
ind. before, in the presence of near RV. AV. ; (with gen.) within the
proximity of , to [cf. Lat. {ante} ; Gk. $].
Though the generally touted etymologies trace the English words with the
prefix anti- only so far back as the Latin ante,
military Sanskrit mil, milati, {milita} meet, assemble, join; Tamil milTEri
1. that which is military
curt kartR m. one who acts badly or basely
gulp gala m. throat, neck.
gAla a.
produced by the throat.
gala 2 m. … `\" swallower \"\', the
throat, neck
harlot hAra (“. . . f. a pearl L. ; a girl of bad reputation (unfit for marriage)”)
shit śiṭ to slight, despise, disregard; A sound made
to express any sudden thrill of pleasure or pain (especially applied to the
sound made during sexual enjoyment.)
lantern Tamil lAntar lantern … lantar lantern
salt salilottha mfn. risen from the ocean; saliga mfn. (said of the sea ; v.l. %{salIga}); salavaNa mfn.
with salt
decoration dIkSA f. preparation or consecration for a religious
ceremony
dance tandava
via German tanzen
sound saMnad P. %{-nadati}, to cry aloud, sound, roar … to
cause to resound, fill with noise or cries
man manu m. man, coll. Mankind
naked nagna mf(%{A4})n. naked , new , bare , desolate , desert RV. &c.
&c. ; m. a naked mendicant
nagnATa f. and m. a naked wanderer
Tamil
nakkan 1. naked person; nakkam nakedness
value Tamil valu 01 1. strength; 2. skill, ability; 3. weight;
4. coin above standard weight, opp. to melu ; 5. a species of big
mosquito; 6. a cant term for eight; 7. prop; 8. a medicinal paste; 1. strong;
2. great; much
motive/ mativid mfn. knowing (one\'s) devotion or
mind
motivation mativid a. knowing (one\'s) mind or heart.
valor Tamil vallAr 01 1. mighty persons; 2. clever, capable
persons, val 1. strength, power; 2. Ability …
Though touted to be a
“Proto-Indo-European” root, there are many words in Tamil, a “Dravidian”
language, that bear that prefix as meaning “strength,” though in Sanskrit, an
“Indo-European” language, val does not bear the same meaning, indicating
the Latin root val (worth, health, strength) is more likely from/related
to the Tamil or other “Dravidian” language use of val, again calling
into question the official academic taxonomy of languages.
perimeter pari ind. round, around, about, round about;
fully, abundantly, richly
miti 1 f. measure, weight, value.
milk Middle English melke, melc,
mulk, mulc, Old English milc, meolc; Old Norse mjǫlk, etc.
Tamil mulai 1. woman\'s breast
mulaikkaTTu 1. accumulation of milk in the breast
mulaippAl mother\'s milk
mulaikoTu-ttal to suckle a child
The possible Tamil root(s)/related
words “milk” listed above are phonetically closer to “milk” than the following,
University-sanctioned etymology, I’ve included the translation mRj
below. I believe Tamil nautical
influence in the spread of various words to Europe and other places outside of
SE Asia is even less acknowledged than Sanskrit’s global influence, and might
better fill in quite a number of gaps in the genealogies of various words than
any of the academy posited options . . .
Sanskrit mRj 1 (cf.
%{marj} … to wipe, rub, cleanse, polish, clean, purify, embellish, adorn (A1.
also `\" one\'s self \"\') RV. &c. &c. ; to make smooth ,
curry (e.g. a horse or other animal) RV. ; to stroke R. ; to wipe off or out ,
remove , destroy MBh. Ka1v. &c. ; to wipe off or transfer (impurity , debt
&c.) from one\'s self upon (loc.) AV. ; to carry away , win … Gr. ; to rub
or wipe off , clean , purify (A. also `\" one\'s self \"\'). [Cf. Gk.
$ , $ , $ ; Lat. &251469[829 ,3] {mulgere} ; Slav. {mle8sti} ; Lith.
{mi4lsti} ; Germ. , {melke} , {Milch} ; Eng. {milk}.]
hit,
hate hata mfn. struck, beaten (also said of a drum) , smitten , killed ,
slain , destroyed , ended , gone , lost … hit by … visited or afflicted or
tormented by , struggling with , suffering from … violated (sexually , as a
woman) … ruined , undone , hopeless , miserable , wretched … worthless ,
useless ib. ; defective … n. striking , killing , hurting
hAta mfn. given up , abandoned
galaxy galaxy (n.) late 14c., from French
galaxie or directly from Late Latin galaxias "the Milky Way" as a
feature in the night sky (in classical Latin via lactea or circulus lacteus),
from Greek galaxias (adj.), in galaxias kyklos, literally "milky circle,"
from gala (genitive galaktos) "milk"
gala 1
m. `\" oozing \"\', resin
gAla 1 m. flowing, liquefying
gala 2 m. `\" swallower \"\'
gara mfn. (2. %{gRR}) `\" swallowing
\"\' (g. %{pacA7di}) see %{aja-} ; m. … any drink , beverage , fluid
[Sumerian gara₂ (N) cream]
go m. bull, ox, ox-hide, leather, sinew;
pl. cattle, herds, the stars or rays of light (as the herds of the sky); pieces
of flesh, cow-milk (also sgl.). --f. cow, the earth (as the milch cow of
kings); speech and Sarasvati, the goddess of speech.
gavya or {gavya3} a. consisting of, belonging to,
coming from cows or cattle; f. {gavyA3} desire for cows or milk, ardour of
battle; n. {ga3vya} cattle, milk, pasture-ground.
Milky
Way The Cosmic “Sea of Milk”
whereupon Vishnu and Laksmi rest upon the coils of Ananta Shesha as Vishnu
dreams the Universe into being.
lactate locaka mfn. `\" gazing , staring \"\' ,
stupid , senseless L. ; one whose food is milk
mountain Tamil Mātiram noun 1.
cf. mahā-diśa. Point of the compass; 2. Elephant; 3.mountain;
Mātiram
noun cf. mātariśvan. Atmosphere; air;
Mātiram
noun perhaps from mahā-sthirā. Earth, ground;
Mātiram noun [mathigam.] Circle, sphere;
And of course the accepted etymology
only traces the term back to so far as Persia, else to “Proto-” (i.e.,
speculated) languages or Latin:
"From Middle English mountayne, mountain, montaigne, from
Anglo-Norman muntaine, muntaigne, from Early Medieval Latin montānia, a
collective based on Latin montem (“mountain”)...(compare Welsh mynydd (“mountain”),
Albanian mat (“bank, shore”), Avestan (mati, “promontory”)),"though obviously the Avestan language mati is quite close to the Tamil Mātiram.
hey!, ha hA 1 ind. an exclamation expressive of pain, anger, astonishment, satisfaction &c. (= ah! alas! oh! ha! often before or after a voc. case . . .)
etc., etc. . . .
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