Monday, November 18, 2024

LIST OF ENGLISH WORDS DERIVED FROM OR CLOSELY RELATED TO SANSKRIT AND OTHER INDIAN WORDS

 

LIST OF ENGLISH WORDS DERIVED FROM OR CLOSELY RELATED TO SANSKRIT 

AND OTHER INDIAN WORDS

(From the soon to be published book To Be or Not To Be: brahman or Abrahman / 

The World Turned Upside-Down, by Jeffrey Charles Archer)


English Sanskrit   English  Sanskrit   English Sanskrit

sister       svasR    brother  bhrAtR    mother  mAta, mAtR              

father      pitR         daughter  duhitr      son, sun   sUnu

car          car, carya  cut         cuT         bath         bad                 

bad        badh         cow       go, gau     shampoo  sampU

same      sama      symmetry  samma   three        tri                    

penta     panch     seven    sapta          eight       ashta

deca      dasha     sugar    sharkara     pepper    pippala            

orange naaranga   rice    vrihi         grass    ghaasa

jungle   jangala     serpent  sarpa     cheetah  chitra

languor  laangulam  mouse muusha   panther pandara

cough     kapha       vomit   vama       voice   vachas

dental    danta      mouth    mukha    heart   hrit, hRdaya

nose    naasa        sinews   snaayu    smile   smi      

man   manu      mind    man         ignited       agni

create    kri       myth    mithyA     new        nava

ascetic  asyati    path    patha        monk     muni

saint sant     serve, service Sevaa  gene, genesis jan (born)       

stay sthA       name   naama       door    dvaawara

mix mishra    mortuary mRta, mRtyu   that  tat       

vehicle  vAhika    opal  upala     committee  samiti

widow  vidhavaa   cot   kaTa      ass       āsa      

attic aṭṭaka   bumble bee  bambhara    char  cūr

cruel  krūra      dumb  ḍimbha      estate      astatāti

genuine  jenya     hunter  hantṛ    cook     kuka

litter    lita        little  liṭya    look  lok      

mad     mad      mass  masa     meet   mith

money maṇi    omen  oman    overlook   avalok 

owl      ālu        pence  paṇasa    posh   poṣa

press   preṣ       proud  prauḍha    rite  rīti

sad    sāda       saint    sant         scale   sakala

shallow  śarāva    shock  śoka   Sir   sūri

smart   samartha    spy spaś     stale  sthAlika

swear   svṛ     jump jhampa    urge    ūrj

use      yuj       wax  vakṣ       win    van

wish     vaś       toll  tul        toss      tas       

union yūni   urgent ūrjita  vest, vesture veST, vastra

wage  vāja    wagon  vahana    wed  vid

varnish  varṇ    zebra  sabara   fever  jvar

entrails  antral    snake Sheshnag  herpes  serpes 

gland   granthi  drip, drop(s) drups     meter/-metry mAtR

hiccups  hicca   muscle mausal    malign  mallen

hooray   hari     amen  aum      idea  vidya

is    As           two   dva          dinghy  din.gi

shaman  shramaNa    call, calling  kal   ambient  amb

cackle    kakh   fart, pardon pard    to pound  puND

rap (talk)  rap      lick   lih        dam  dam

soot  sutee     pretty “fairly”  prati   rumble  ramb

want  vanta     bond  bandha   domicile  dama

divine divya    nasty   naSTi   navy/naval  nAva

far     para      parallel  parA    care   karuNa           

lexicon   lekhaka   run raMh   surge   sRj

hunter   hantR     will vR        six      SaS

duality   dvaita    care karuna   knowledge jnana

calendar   kal      over  ava     God  goda (“giving cows”)

capital  kapAla    decimal  daśama    decade  daśaka

right     Rta          unrighteous  anRta   is  asti

shrivel  sriv        homage  homa    stand   sthAna

virulent vir      meridian  Mount Meru    horizon harija

vocal  voc/vac   location loka      idea  vidyA 

antara  interior   wander  vihR     ambrosia  amrita

soup   sUpa     me  mA            corner   koNa

swan   svan      axle  akSa       proper      prapta

holiday holi    holy   holi        sacred  sakratu

nanny  nanA    careen  cArin     day    dyu

new   nu, nU     still  sthal     regal, royal  raja, Arya                   

some   sama     putrid  pUta    much maha

warn    varn     Sal (Tamil)      shawl

 

trigonometry   trikoNamiti     

hydrocephalus ardra-kapaalaa

osteomalacia    ashti-malashay (contamination of the bones)

dyspepsia        dush-pachanashay (bad digestion)

surgeon            salya-jan (one who yields a sharp instrument)

fertility            falati-Iti (one who yields fruit)

anesthesia        anashtashayee (one lying in improper state)

homeopathy    sameo-pathy (treatment parallel to symptoms)

allopathy         alag-pathy (treatment different from symptoms)

mortal              marta   m. a mortal, man.

martya mfn. who or what must die, mortal Br. Kaus3. ; m. a mortal , man , person … ; the world of mortals , the earth … f. dying , death (see %{putra-martyA}) ; n. that which is mortal , the body

home               Old English ham "dwelling place, house, abode, fixed residence; estate; village; region, country," from Proto-Germanic *haimaz "home" (source also of Old Frisian hem "home, village," Old Norse heimr "residence, world," heima "home," Danish hjem, Middle Dutch heem, German heim "home

                        Sanskrit   harmya  n. stronghold, castle, mansion, palace, house, home.

virile                viRal    [Tamil] 01 1. victory; 2. bravery; 3. strength; 4. greatness; 5. distinctive excellence; 6. physical expression of emotion

bear (verb)      bhR  … to bear, carry, convey … to wear i.e. let grow (hair, beard, nails) … to balance, hold in equipoise (as a pair of scales) … to bear i.e. contain, possess, have, keep (also `\" keep in mind \"\') … to support, maintain, cherish, foster … to hire, pay … to carry off or along

yolk                 yoga, yuga (i.e., English “yolk the oxen”)     

water               vasu, vRSa, var (possibly via German Wasser)

hair                  har-/hir-/hR- (as prefix)

direction          diśā, dik, deSTra

gravity, grab,   graha (seizing, laying hold of, holding)

grasp   

divide              dvidhA (%{dvi4-}) ind. in 2 ways or parts , twofold , … n. the dividing into 2 , making twofold

                        dvaidha           mf(%{I}) n.  … twofold , … n. a twofold form or state , duality , duplicity, division

                        dvaita  n. (fr. 1. %{dvi-tA}) duality , duplicity , dualism … doubt

saliva               srava    m. stream or gush of, adj. flowing with, out-pouring

go                    ga         mf … going , moving … going in a carriage … going quickly

                        gA       … to go, go towards, come, approach … to go after, pursue

little                 liTya    Nom. P. %{liTyati} , `\" to be little \"\' or , `\" to think little of.

not, no             neti, na

distance           diSTa, diSTi

cave                 kevaTa  m. a cave, hollow … kevaTa  m. cave, pit;  Tamil kevi  1. depth, deep valley; 2. cave, cavern

valley              vala      1 m. `\" enclosure \"\', a cave, cavern

knowledge      jñāna (possibly via the Greek gnosis)

sandhi             [English grammar] modification of the sound of a morpheme (such as a word or affix) conditioned by syntactic context in which it is uttered (such as pronunciation of -ed as \d\ in glazed and as \t\ in paced or occurrence of a in a cow and of an in an old cow)

Sandhi             (Sanskrit: सन्धि sandhi [sɐndʱi], "joining") is a cover term for a wide variety of sound changes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries. Examples include fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of one sound depending on nearby sounds or the grammatical function of the adjacent words.

night/               nakta    1 n. night … ind. by night (often opp. to %{divA}) … Lat. {nox} ; Lith.

nocturnal         {naktis} ; Slav. &162101[524 ,1] {nos8ti} ; Goth. {nahts} ; Angl. Sax. {neaht} , {niht} , Engl. {night} , Germ. {Nacht}.]

summer            samA   f. half-year, season, year.

anti-                 anti      adv. opposite, in front, before, near.

anterior            anti      adv. opposite, in front, before, near. As prep. = near, toward, to

antique            anti      1 ind. before, in the presence of near RV. AV. ; (with gen.) within the proximity of , to [cf. Lat. {ante} ; Gk. $].  Though the generally touted etymologies trace the English words with the prefix anti- only so far back as the Latin ante,

military            Sanskrit  mil, milati, {milita}  meet, assemble, join; Tamil  milTEri  1. that which is military

curt                  kartR   m. one who acts badly or basely

gulp                 gala      m. throat, neck.

                        gAla    a. produced by the throat.

                        gala      2 m. … `\" swallower \"\', the throat, neck

harlot               hAra (“. . . f. a pearl L. ; a girl of bad reputation (unfit for marriage)”)

shit                  śiṭ   to slight, despise, disregard; A sound made to express any sudden thrill of pleasure or pain (especially applied to the sound made during sexual enjoyment.)

lantern             Tamil   lAntar  lantern … lantar  lantern

salt                  salilottha  mfn. risen from the ocean; saliga   mfn. (said of the sea ; v.l. %{salIga}); salavaNa  mfn. with salt

decoration       dIkSA f. preparation or consecration for a religious ceremony

dance               tandava via German tanzen

sound              saMnad  P. %{-nadati}, to cry aloud, sound, roar … to cause to resound, fill with noise or cries

man                 manu    m. man, coll. Mankind

naked              nagna   mf(%{A4})n. naked , new , bare , desolate , desert RV. &c. &c. ; m. a naked mendicant

                        nagnATa  f. and m. a naked wanderer

Tamil   nakkan  1. naked person; nakkam  nakedness

value               Tamil  valu     01 1. strength; 2. skill, ability; 3. weight; 4. coin above standard weight, opp. to melu ; 5. a species of big mosquito; 6. a cant term for eight; 7. prop; 8. a medicinal paste; 1. strong; 2. great; much

motive/            mativid            mfn. knowing (one\'s) devotion or mind

motivation       mativid            a. knowing (one\'s) mind or heart.

valor                Tamil  vallAr  01 1. mighty persons; 2. clever, capable persons, val 1. strength, power; 2. Ability …

                        Though touted to be a “Proto-Indo-European” root, there are many words in Tamil, a “Dravidian” language, that bear that prefix as meaning “strength,” though in Sanskrit, an “Indo-European” language, val does not bear the same meaning, indicating the Latin root val (worth, health, strength) is more likely from/related to the Tamil or other “Dravidian” language use of val, again calling into question the official academic taxonomy of languages.

perimeter         pari      ind. round, around, about, round about; fully, abundantly, richly     

                        miti      1 f. measure, weight, value.

milk                 Middle English melke, melc, mulk, mulc, Old English milc, meolc; Old Norse mjǫlk, etc.

Tamil   mulai   1. woman\'s breast

                        mulaikkaTTu   1. accumulation of milk in the breast

                        mulaippAl       mother\'s milk

                        mulaikoTu-ttal   to suckle a child

The possible Tamil root(s)/related words “milk” listed above are phonetically closer to “milk” than the following, University-sanctioned etymology, I’ve included the translation mRj below.  I believe Tamil nautical influence in the spread of various words to Europe and other places outside of SE Asia is even less acknowledged than Sanskrit’s global influence, and might better fill in quite a number of gaps in the genealogies of various words than any of the academy posited options . . .

Sanskrit           mRj     1 (cf. %{marj} … to wipe, rub, cleanse, polish, clean, purify, embellish, adorn (A1. also `\" one\'s self \"\') RV. &c. &c. ; to make smooth , curry (e.g. a horse or other animal) RV. ; to stroke R. ; to wipe off or out , remove , destroy MBh. Ka1v. &c. ; to wipe off or transfer (impurity , debt &c.) from one\'s self upon (loc.) AV. ; to carry away , win … Gr. ; to rub or wipe off , clean , purify (A. also `\" one\'s self \"\'). [Cf. Gk. $ , $ , $ ; Lat. &251469[829 ,3] {mulgere} ; Slav. {mle8sti} ; Lith. {mi4lsti} ; Germ. , {melke} , {Milch} ; Eng. {milk}.]

hit, hate           hata      mfn. struck, beaten (also said of a drum) , smitten , killed , slain , destroyed , ended , gone , lost … hit by … visited or afflicted or tormented by , struggling with , suffering from … violated (sexually , as a woman) … ruined , undone , hopeless , miserable , wretched … worthless , useless ib. ; defective … n. striking , killing , hurting

hAta    mfn. given up , abandoned

galaxy             galaxy (n.) late 14c., from French galaxie or directly from Late Latin galaxias "the Milky Way" as a feature in the night sky (in classical Latin via lactea or circulus lacteus), from Greek galaxias (adj.), in galaxias kyklos, literally "milky circle," from gala (genitive galaktos) "milk"

                        gala      1 m. `\" oozing \"\', resin

                        gAla    1 m. flowing, liquefying

                        gala      2 m. `\" swallower \"\'

                        gara      mfn. (2. %{gRR}) `\" swallowing \"\' (g. %{pacA7di}) see %{aja-} ; m. … any drink , beverage , fluid [Sumerian gara₂  (N) cream]

                        go        m. bull, ox, ox-hide, leather, sinew; pl. cattle, herds, the stars or rays of light (as the herds of the sky); pieces of flesh, cow-milk (also sgl.). --f. cow, the earth (as the milch cow of kings); speech and Sarasvati, the goddess of speech.

                        gavya   or {gavya3} a. consisting of, belonging to, coming from cows or cattle; f. {gavyA3} desire for cows or milk, ardour of battle; n. {ga3vya} cattle, milk, pasture-ground.

Milky Way      The Cosmic “Sea of Milk” whereupon Vishnu and Laksmi rest upon the coils of Ananta Shesha as Vishnu dreams the Universe into being.

lactate              locaka  mfn. `\" gazing , staring \"\' , stupid , senseless L. ; one whose food is milk

mountain         Tamil Mātiram   noun 1. cf. mahā-diśa. Point of the compass; 2. Elephant; 3.mountain;

Mātiram noun cf. mātariśvan. Atmosphere; air;

Mātiram noun perhaps from mahā-sthirā. Earth, ground;

Mātiram    noun  [mathigam.] Circle, sphere;

And of course the accepted etymology only traces the term back to so far as Persia, else to “Proto-” (i.e., speculated) languages or Latin:   "From Middle English mountayne, mountain, montaigne, from Anglo-Norman muntaine, muntaigne, from Early Medieval Latin montānia, a collective based on Latin montem (“mountain”)...(compare Welsh mynydd (“mountain”), Albanian mat (“bank, shore”), Avestan (mati, “promontory”)),"though obviously the Avestan language mati is quite close to the Tamil Mātiram.

hey!, ha           hA       1 ind. an exclamation expressive of pain, anger, astonishment, satisfaction &c. (= ah! alas! oh! ha! often before or after a voc. case . . .)

etc., etc. . . .


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